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CIE iGCSE History - International Relations, 1919-39 > How successful was the League in the 1920s? > Flashcards

How successful was the League in the 1920s? Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the four territorial successes for the League?

A

Aaland Islands, 1921
Upper Silesia, 1921
Mosul, 1924
Bulgaria, 1925

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2
Q

What was successful for the League in the 1920’s?

A
  • No major conflict or threat to world peace
  • The League’s agencies and commissions performed useful work
  • Germany and the former Austro-Hungarian empire were League members by 1926
  • Resolved minor disputes, which have the potential to grow into serious affairs
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3
Q

What was unsuccessful for the League in the 1920’s?

A
  • Vilna, 1920
  • Occupation of the Ruhr, 1923
  • Corfu Incident, 1923
  • Leading powers did not have faith in the League; made agreements outside it (Locarno and Kellog-Briand)
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4
Q

Describe the Aaland Island Dispute, 1921

A
  • Dispute between Finland and Sweden
  • Aaland Islanders wanted to be ruled by Sweden
  • League investigated and awarded island to Finland
  • Demilitarisation imposed as a safeguard for islanders
  • Sweden accepted the judgement
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5
Q

Describe the Upper Silesia incident, 1921

A
  • Upper Silesia originally awarded to Poland by the ToV
  • Germans protested and a plebiscite was held
  • Majority went to Germany, but in rural parts there was a clear majority towards Poland
  • Riots and protests occurred
  • League suggested a partition, which was accepted by both sides
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6
Q

Did Poland or Germany get Eastern Upper Silesia?

A

Poland

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7
Q

Did Poland or Germany get Western Upper Silesia?

A

Germany

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8
Q

Describe the Mosul incident of 1924

A
  • Turkey claimed the Kurdish-populated province of Mosul
  • This was part of the British-mandated territory of Iraq
  • League investigated and made an award in favour of Iraq
  • Turkey accepted
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9
Q

Describe the incident in Bulgaria, 1925

A
  • Greece was ordered to pay £45000 compensation to Bulgaria after its invasion of Bulgarian territory
  • Greece accepted, but thought it was unfair as Italy had been treated differently in a similar incident (Corfu incident)
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10
Q

Why was Greece asked to pay compensation to Bulgaria in 1925?

A
  • There had been a shooting incident on the border and a Greek sentry was killed
  • Greece decided to invade Bulgaria
  • This was seen as a disproportionate response and they were asked to pay compensation
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11
Q

What were the main organisation and committees of the League?

A
  • Refugee Organisation
  • Health Organisation
  • Economic and Financial Organisation
  • International Labour Organisation
  • Slavery Commission
  • Disarmament Commission
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12
Q

How successful was the Refugee Organisation?

A
  • Helped 425000 displaced people return to their homes or find new homes
  • Considered one of the biggest successes of the League
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13
Q

Who did the Refugee Organisation have to try rehome?

A
  • 250000 Russians in German and French PoW camps
  • 300000 Germans and Austro-Hungarians in Russian PoW camps
  • > 1million Greeks made homeless by the Turkish Independence War
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14
Q

How successful was the Health Organisation?

A
  • Established links with non-member countries
  • Provided assistance and advice on public health matters
  • Helped USSR prevent typhus outbreak in Siberia
  • Reduced incidences of leprosy
  • International campaign to exterminate mosquitoes and reduce the spread of malaria and yellow fever
  • Set up research institutions
  • Considered the biggest success of the League
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15
Q

Which countries did the Health Organisation establish links with?

A

Non-member countries, including Germany, USSR and America

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16
Q

Where did the Health Organisation set up research institutions and what were they doing?

A

London, Copenhagen and Singapore

Developed vaccines for diseases such as diphtheria, tetanus and tuberculosis

17
Q

How was the success of the Health Organisation demonstrated after the fall of the League?

A

It became the World Health Organisation, affiliated with the United Nations

18
Q

Why was Austria close to financial collapse?

A

It was trying to adjust to its new status as a small landlocked country that was now dependent on agriculture for its wealth

19
Q

How did the Economic and Financial Organisation help rescue Austria from financial collapse?

A

Stabilised the currency by controlling the level of interest rates, the circulation of banknotes and the issuing of credit. Also gave Austria a substantial loan
- Did similar things in Greece, Hungary and Bulgaria

20
Q

What did the International Labour Organisation try persuade employers to do?

A
  • Eight-hour work day and forty-eight-hour working week
  • Annual holidays with pay
  • Right to join trade unions
  • Minimum employment age
21
Q

Who was the leader of the Refugee Organisation?

A

Fridjtof Nansen

22
Q

Who was the leader of the Health Organisation?

A

Ludwik Rajchman

23
Q

Who was the leader of the International Labour Organisation?

A

Albert Thomas

24
Q

What were the successes of the Slavery Commission?

A
  • Freed 200000 slaves in Sierra Leone
  • Reduced the death rate for African workers engaged on the Tanganyikan railway from 50% to 4%
  • Iraq, Jordan and Nepal abolished slavery
25
Q

What was the aim of the Slavery Commission?

A

Stamp out slavery and slave dealing, as well as the ‘white slave’ traffic - forcing young women and children into prostitution

26
Q

What did Article 8 of the Covenant of the League of Nations call for?

A

Disarm to “the lowest point consistent with national safety”

27
Q

How was the Disarmament Commission unsuccessful?

A

By the end of the 1920s. only the defeated powers had disarmed, and that is because they had been forced to by the peace treaties

28
Q

What happened at the Washington Naval Conference of 1921?

A

Led to an agreement on naval limitation by the USA, Britain, France and Japan

29
Q

Why was the incident in Vilna, 1920, considered a League failure?

A
  • Vilna, with a largely Polish population, was made the capital of Lithuania after the ToV
  • Poland’s army seized the city and Lithuania appealed to the League
  • The League asked Poland to withdraw while a plebiscite was arranged but Poland refused
  • The matter was passed on to the Conference of Ambassadors who awarded Vilna to Poland
30
Q

Why was the Occupation of the Ruhr a failure for the League?

A
  • When Germany defaulted on its reparations payments, it should have been deferred to the League
  • France took it into its own hands
  • This showed that the League was little more than a victors club that only acted in the victors’ interests
31
Q

Why was the Corfu incident of 1923 considered the League’s biggest failure?

A

Exposed the weakness and ineffectiveness of the League when dealing with a major power

32
Q

Why did Mussolini order the naval bombardment and occupation of Corfu?

A
  • In response to the murder of an Italian general and some of his staff
  • They had been patrolling the border between Greece and Albania when they were murdered, on Greek soil
  • Mussolini demanded 50 million lyra and the execution of the assassins
  • Greece couldn’t find the assassins, so Mussolini resorted to direct action
33
Q

What happened when Italy invaded Corfu in 1923

A
  • Greece appealed to the League
  • Their first response was to condemn the invasion
  • Mussolini insisted that the arbitration be passed on to the Conference of Ambassadors
  • The CoA ordered that Greece pay the compensation and Italy remove their forces
34
Q

What was made clear about the League after the Corfu incident?

A

That Italy’s bullying tactics had paid off and Greece had to pay an excessive amount of compensation. The CoA took the line of least resistance without regards for international justice

35
Q

What was the Geneva Protocol?

A
  • An attempt by Britain and France to strengthen the League
  • League members agreed to the compulsory arbitration of disputes by the Permanent Court of International Justice failing agreement between the parties concerned
  • Decision would be backed by economic and military power
36
Q

Why did the Geneva Protocol fail?

A

British prime minister, MacDonald, lost an election and the new government refused to approve the scheme

37
Q

What was the Locarno Treaty of 1925?

A
  • The mutual frontiers of France, Belgium and Germany were guaranteed, backed up by Britain and Italy
  • Confirmed the demilitarised status of the Rhineland
38
Q

Why was the Locarno Treaty a success?

A

For the first time since 1918, Germany was treated on par with other European powers

39
Q

What was the Kellogg-Briand pact of 1928?

A
  • An international statement of good intentions
  • By 1928 it had 65 signatories, including Germany, Italy and Japan (ironic)

CIE iGCSE History - International Relations, 1919-39 (33 decks)

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