how successful is the management of tectonic hazards and disasters Flashcards
1
Q
what are the stats of 2004 boxing day tsunami?
A
- 26th december 2004
- 9.1 mg
- 10 min quake
- 900 mile fault line ruptured
- 31 miles beneath the surface
- 30m high
- 230,000 killed
- 14 countries
2
Q
what were the effects of the 2004 boxing day tsunami?
A
- rice paddies destroyed by the salt water, but some areas protected by the mangroves
- coral reefs were hit twice (in and out) and debris damaged many reefs
- over 70% of mauritius’ gdp came from tourism so economy was damaged.
- damage to property was estimated $14billion
$7bn was donated by governments and NGOs - 3 weeks later, 168 nations agreed to the hyogo framework which paved the way for gloabl disaster risk reduction
- 140,000 new homes were built bur 500,000 were displaced
3
Q
what were the causes of the haiti 2010 earthquake?
A
- plate boundaries (complex set of boundaries - destructive within the caribbean)
- epicentre - 25 km from capital city port au prince
- focus - 13 km below earth’s surface
4
Q
what were the social and economic impacts of the haiti earthquake?
A
- only one delivery of drinking water per week = untreated water
- cholera spread rapidly
- 2 million people were left without food and water
- people moved into temporary shelters
- hospitals, schools and homes destroyed
- £7.8 bn damages
5
Q
what were the environmental impacts of the haiti earthquake?
A
- communications, infrastructure and eleectricity were severely damaged which hampered ability to distribute aid
- streets were covered with dust
- agriculture hugely impacted with farms and crops being damaged
- landslides destroyed local ecosystems
6
Q
what were the short term impacts of the haiti earthquake?
A
- 220,000 killed
- 300,000 injured
- port au prince damaged
- 8 hospitals collapsed
- 100,000 houses were destroyed and 200000 damaged
- 1.3 mil became homeless
7
Q
what were the long-term impacts of the haiti earthquake?
A
- 2mil people without water
- frequent power cuts
- crime increased
- people moved into temporary shelters
- cholera
8
Q
what is haiti’s capacity to cope?
A
- haiti was poor so had limited development of infrastructure and health services
- 86% of people in port au prince lived in slum conditions with high pop. density
- houses had no reinforcements
9
Q
what was haiti’s risk?
A
- had not recovered from hurricanes of 2008 and many services were still being run by charities and UN
- shortage of health workers
10
Q
what was haiti’s vulnerability?
A
- situated in a highly seismically active region
11
Q
what was haiti’s hazard?
A
- lack of public awareness of what to do
- lack of education - cannot read posters?
- poor governance and corruption
12
Q
what were the short term responses to haiti’s earthquake?
A
- aid was slow to arrive due to damaged port
- US sent rescue teams and 10,000 troops
- bottled water and tablets provided
- 225,000 people were moved to less damaged areas
- UK gov donated £25 mil
13
Q
what were the long-term responses to haiti earthquake?
A
- haiti was dependant on overseas aid (mega-disaster)
- new homes were built to a higher standard although the response was slow
- one year after 1 mil people still living in temporary shelter
- port needed rebuilding = large investment needed
14
Q
what was the national response to the haiti earthquake?
A
- many survivors fled to their family homes in rural areas
- 1500 camps set up to house refugees
- community driven development projects were started
15
Q
what was the international response to haiti earthquake?
A
- dominican republic was first to give aid, sending water, food and heavy machinery
- iceland had an emergency response team in the country in 24 hours
- world bank cancelled half of haiti’s debt
- world bank funded supplementary food for 200,000 children
16
Q
what was the result of the eyjafallajokull eruption?
A
what was the result of the eyjafallajokull eruption?
17
Q
what were the causes of mount nyiragongo eruption?
A
- based on a divergent plate boundary
- low explosive eruptions with low viscosity
- stratovolcano with very steep sides
- stress built in the core = high pressure
18
Q
what were the social impacts of mount nyiragongo?
A
- 1400 meters of road affected
- 25,000 people displaced
- 7000 people travelled to rwanda
- 32 deaths and 24 injured by lava flows
- 40 adults and 170 children missing for weeks
- 400,000 evacuated
19
Q
what were the economic and environmental impacts of mount nyiragongo?
A
- covid hit DRC harder due to a lack of good hygeine and income
- ebola and measles were also on the rise in the country at the time so a response to covid was weak
- combination of covid and eruption = mass unemployment and homelessness
20
Q
why was DRC vulnerable to the eruption?
A
- mass unemployment and homelessness
- average $856 gdp
- corruption within gov = UN cut funding
- fifth poorest country - less than $2.15 a dat
- houses at the bottom of the volcano = more dangerous
- lack of knowledge of eruption until 10 mins before
- taken people by surprise
21
Q
what were causes of the turkey earthquake 2023?
A
mg of 7.8
turkey sits on 3 plate boundaries: african
anatolian
eurasian
22
Q
what were the causes of vulnerability for turkey 2023?
A
- poorly construcuted buildings that do not meet the safety standard
- destruction of infrastructure in syria due to years of war and bombings meant that population was vulnerable
- an ongoing humanitarian emergency in syria already in war and cholera outbreak
23
Q
what were the impacts of the turkey 2023?
A
- loss of housing
- 230,000 buildings were damaged or destroyed in turkey at least 160,000 buildings in syria
- 8.8 mil people were affected
- 56,000 deaths
- 4.1 mil people depend on humanitarian aid
24
Q
what is the national response to turkey 2023?
A
- local NGO formed a large part of response
- state authorities declared level 4 emergency
- erdogan declared a three month state of emergency
25
what is the international response to turkey 2023?
- UN launched an earthquake flash appela for $367 mil (syria) and $1bn (turkey)
- US agency for international development pledged to give $85 mil then $100 mil
- world bank gave $1.78bn
26
what are multiple hazard zones?
areas at risk of death and damage from exposure to the 6 major natural hazards - earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, floods, droughts and storms
- this is combined with potential vulnerability of population based on size, density and poverty
27
why is the phillipines a multiple hazard zone?
- sits on a major convergent plate boundary - both volcanoes and earthquakes
- northern and eastern face pacific ocean - tsunami
- lies within southeast asias major typhoon belt
- 22 active volcanoes - 30% of pop live within 30km
- rapic urbanisation and high pop density
28
what is prediction?
to give an estimate and location
29
what is forecasting?
to give a liklihood of the time and location of an event occuring in the future
30
how can we predict volcanoes?
seismic activity - earthquake activity often precede eruptions - result of magma pushing to the surface
deformation - tiltmeter pressure changes in slope as small as one per million - increase slop = increase crater size = increase height
gas output - as magma rises it releases much of gas content
31
what is the hazard management cycle?
there are 4 stages:
before - prevention and mitigation
- preparation
after - recovery
- response
32
what is it to mitigate?
to modify the event - control hazard resistant buildings and strict building controls
33
what is to increase preparedness?
modify the vulnerability - predicting prepardness through education - retrofit buildings to adapt
34
what is it to respond?
modify the loss - quick response teams, coordination of aid, reduce secondary effects
35
what is it to recover?
modify the loss - reconstruction of infrastructure, modify future events
36
how did japan 2011 modify the event?
aseismic designs - sky tree (634 m high)
3000 high rise buildings = all aseismic
37
how did japan 2011 modify the loss?
disaster management centre- coordinate response - earthquake proof and self contained
38
how did japan 2011 modify vulnerability?
life learning centres that simulate the event to educate response
39
how can earthquakes be modified?
they cannot but hazard resistant buildings can be built instead.
- collapsing buildings = most deaths
buildings can resist ground shaking through
- rolling weights on roof
- reinforced life shafts with tensioned cables
- birdcage interlocking steel frames
- rubber shock absorbers
retrofitting existing buildings
40
how can buildings at risk from volcanoes and tsunamis be modified?
volcanoes - sloped roofs to avoid build up of ash and reduce risk of collapse
tsunami - elevated and anchored to the ground to avoid washing away
41
how can mangroves reduce the impact of tsunamis?
the dense root network could help dissapate tsunamis and reduce the devastation
- villages behind mangrove forests survived better = 8% fewer casualties
42
what is land use zoning?
can be used to protect people and property from the impacts of volcanoes and tsunamis
- it involves local governments regulating how land it used
- in areas at risk of volcanic eruptions and tsunamis, land use zoning is an effective way to protect.
43
what is land use zoning in areas of high risk?
- any settlements are limited, if they are allowed at all
- certain types of structures will be prohibited e.g. nuclear power or schools (those that will be damaged and those that are key to the area)
- some communities will be resettled
- development in areas which provide natural protection will be limited
44
what is the outline of land-use recovery plan?
- improve the range
- maintin quality and choice of housing options
- rebuild social housing
- provide community facilities
- help to integrate land use zoning, infrastructure amd transport network
45
what is retrofitting?
adding something to a building after it was built to help it withstand tectonic events.
46
how has christchurch reduced vulnerability through retrofitting?
base isolaters - buildings are not constructed directly onto the ground but put on flexible pads that when the ground shakes, don't move as much
47
how does japan prepare its population for earthquakes?
- good education - practicing emergency procedures 4x a year
- encouraging housholds to create emergency prepardeness kits
- community based prepardness - lists of vulnerable people who need help
- earthquake resistant buildings
47
what is haiti's grassroot approach to preparedness?
literacy rates in haiti are 64% for males and 57% for females
- going door to door to talk directly to people and inform people how to protect themselves and family in a disaster
- go to each home in a rural area and speak to every household in a 3 month period walking to places not accessible by motorbike
48
how does community preparedness differ between MEDC and LEDCs?
MEDCs = higher literacy rate so getting news around is easy through posters whereas LEDCs is word of mouth
- LEDCs will focus more on poverty and housing issues rather than preparing for this
48
how important is prediction in reducing vulnerability?
- prediction and forecasting - help communities to evacuate to reduce the impacts of the hazard 2011 japanese earthquake was predicted well meaning the communities were evacuated
- education and preparedness helped to reduce the impact of the 2011 japanese earthquake and there were only 16,000
49
how do the local community modify loss?
- information - reporting on missing peoples
- first responders
- know where emergency supplies are stored
- knowing who is vulnerable
50
what is the disaster response curve?
it's aim is to show the effects of a hazard on the quality of life
50
what are the 5 stages of the disaster response curve?
stage 1 - prior to the event - quality of life is at it's normal equilibrium
stage 2 - the hazard occurs
stage 3 - relief - the event had happened and search and rescue occuring
stage 4 - rehabilition - relief strategies are underway
stage 5 - reconstruction - refers to long term response
51
what do aid donors do to modify the loss?
- giving things to facilitate search and rescue
- money - immediate help + rescue loss
- knowledge training
- IGOs cancelling debt
51
what is quality of life?
- income
- education
- healthcare
- diet
- water
- happiness
- cleasn environment
52
what are the pros of the disaster response curve?
- generalisaiton
- simplification
- good starting point
- can be applied to different hazards
53
what are the cons of the disaster response curve?
- does not take into account the different levels of development
- doesn't determine time scale
- doesn't explain levels of dynamic vulnerability
