How plants conquered land: evolution of terrestrial adaptation

Question 1

refers to a sequence of radical changes in body plans, anatomy and biochemistry of plants that had a significant influence on global biogeochemical cycles throughout the Palaeozoic Era

Answer 1

phytoterrestalization

Question 2

Land plants also called

Answer 2

Embryophytes

Question 3

Among those adaptations is the development of a symbiotic relationship with ________________ and other fungi such as ____________that drastically improved the ability of plants to absorb soil mineral nutrients

Answer 3

arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM)
Mucoromycotina

Question 4

are used to find out the relationships among different groups and the evolutionary chronology of key lineages

Answer 4

phylogenetic analyses

Question 5

is primarily based on comparative nucleotide data from just extant plants, which provides significantly less information on the evolutionary history of the present life and fossil forms

Answer 5

Phylogenetic evidence

Question 6

a phylogenetic study coupled with a Bayesian relaxed molecular clock established that embryophytes originated on land in the middle of the Cambrian-early Ordovician period around 515.2–473.5 Ma

Question 7

The evolution of leaf-like structures in euphyllophytes began during the _________ to the early ________ period and continued to diversify till mid-Carboniferous and exhibited a transition from indeterminate growth in shoot apical meristem to a determinant growth programme

Answer 7

Late Devonian
Carboniferous

Question 8

presence of microphylls in lycophytes has been hypothesized to have evolved independently during the _________ or ____ as lateral growth of tissues or through sporangia sterilization

Answer 8

Early Devonian
Late Silurian

Question 9

At the molecular level, this indeterminacy in shoot apical meristem is maintained by __________

Answer 9

KNOX transcription factors (TFs)

Question 10

___________ in angiosperms is associated with the maintenance of shoot apical meristem

Answer 10

homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-ZIP)-III gene (C3HDZ)

Question 11

Around 400 million years ago, the parasitic interaction between __________ and ________ algae resulted in host cell enlargement

Answer 11

Plasmodiophoromycetes fungi
Palaeonitella

Question 12

_______ are detected by the host plants in triggering a symbiotic response

Answer 12

Myc factors

Question 13

investigated genetic diversity in 1173 species of green plants by RNA sequencing

Answer 13

1KP (1000 Plant)

Question 14

a major stress- responsive phytohormone, functions through the receptor signal transduction network of PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE 1- like (PYL)– PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2C (PP2C)– SNF1- RELATED PROTEIN KINASE 2 (SnRK2) module

Answer 14

ABA

Question 15

intends to sequence the genomes of 10000 plant species in a decade, in order to answer the profound and fundamental questions of plant evolution of major plant lineages such as embryophytes, chlorophytes, streptophytes (green algae) and other photosynthetic eukaryotes

Answer 15

10KP Project (10 000 Plants Project)

Question 16

plans to sequence the genomes of all eukaryotic species on Earth over the next decade to improve our understanding of the planet’s biodiversity and its organization, evolution, functions and interactions

Answer 16

Earth BioGenome Project

Question 17

According to molecular phylogenetic evidence, embryophytes evolved from __________ and are among the most closely related to current _________

Answer 17

streptophyte algae
Zygnematophyceae

Question 18

The existing clade of land plants is considered to have arisen in the _____________________, and the current clade of vascular plants in the _____________ interval, based on the creation of an evolutionary timeline that integrates these uncertainties.

Answer 18

middle Cambrian to early Ordovician Era

Late Ordovician to Silurian