how far do you agree that attitudes towards immigration had changed significantly by 1980

Question 1

argument

Answer 1

significantly changed within time frame despite returning to 1920 behaviours in late 70s and 80

Question 2

criteria

Answer 2

judging based on the movement away from hostility

Question 3

agree - more accepting of immigrants due to levels of integration of immigrants in society

Answer 3

assimilation
over time, children assimilated
especially children of ‘new immigrants’ - seen as racially inferior
encouraged by parents to achieve ‘American Dream’)
connection to place of origin diluted
1914 - 1300 foreign language newspapers
1960 - 74 (old traditions less important)
people part of American society
became vital roles in society e.g., Italian lawyers and Irish police (especially in New York with an extremely divers population)
Ford taught English to workers
70% employees foreign born - taught English and to be patriotic
entirely different from ideas of Dillingham report (1911) - immigrants posed a serious threat to society and culture, with them damaging American society

Question 4

disagree - nativism in latter years comparable to attitudes of 20s
desire to control (legal and illegal)

Answer 4

non natives burden to society economically - first fired and dependent on welfare
increased immigration from central and southern America
since 1920s, increased immigration from Southern and Central America to fill gaps in employment market
1980 - 83% living in urban areas (matter of great concern)
as early as 1954 - operation wetback began deporting ‘illegal’ immigrants (mostly Mexicans)
by 1980 - million arrested and deported
1976 - put a 20,000 limit on entry for immigration from southern and central America
Linked to isolationist policies of 1920s - focusing on American economy and anti-immigration
1921 Emergency Quota act - restricted immigration to 357,000 a year (giving advantage to north and west Europeans)
as well as the messages of the Dillingham report
however, immigrants were still seen as important members of American society - especially their importance in agricultural work
and the significant adjustments to their civil rights (1975 civil rights extension) suggests that attitudes really had changed

Question 5

Agree - liberalism in 1960s changed view of immigration positively

Answer 5

viewed immigration as enhancing American culture
immigrants viewed with less hostility
Kennedy used book Nation of Immigrants to change attitudes
examples of economic, artistic, and agricultural contributions
called for updated immigration laws from the discriminatory quota to North and Western Europe
more equal - those fleeing persecution were given more support
1965 - Immigration and Naturalisation act (removed quota) - shows significant change in policy that had been used since 1921
1970 - immigration from Asia (especially Vietnam and Cambodia) quadrupled during this time
allowed for less hostility and for immigration to be viewed in a positive light

Question 6

conclusion

Answer 6

despite attitudes in 1980 having aspects of earlier beliefs about immigration - looking at the whole of the time frame allows me to believe that attitudes towards immigration had significantly changed by 1980