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History Industrail relation > How far did working conditions and opportunities improve, 1939-1979? > Flashcards

How far did working conditions and opportunities improve, 1939-1979? Flashcards

1
Q

p1
p2
p3

A

Improvements
Improvments for women
Limitations

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2
Q

P1:

A

E1: WW2
-Considerable changes to employment in Britain

  • construction and manufacturing experienced a short-term boom= demands of war production and rearmament
  • 1944= 33% involved in war work (including 7 million women )
  • Full employment
  • Minister of Labour- Bevin issued Essential work order 1941= Gov power to organise labour force

= improved wages and conditions to increase productivity= tied people to jobs essential for war effort =hard for employers to dismiss them + canteens an medical centres

E2: Post ww2
-rapid expansion of new industries = new opportunities for blue collar workers:

-Car industry (major employer
=1950’s 1960’s = employed over 500,000

  • average wages rose 88% (1950-70)
  • low inflation= buying power rose
  • increased oppurtunites = growing affluenece and consumer boom = never had it so good

increased opportunities for white collar workers in the service and professional sector:
-the expansion of government intervention + creation of the welfare state =lots more public
sector jobs

-the NHS = biggest single employer in Europe by the 1970s

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3
Q

What were the changes to employment like in Britain?

A

considerable

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4
Q

Which industries experienced a short term boom and why?

A

construction and manufacturing

demands of war production and rearmament

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5
Q

In 1944 what % were involved in war effort?

A

33%

including 7 million women

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6
Q

Experienced full what

A

employment

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7
Q

who was the minister for labour]? and what did he issue?

A

Bevin

Essential work ord3er 1941

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8
Q

What did the essential work order do? and what was the result

A

Gov power to organise labour force

improved wages and conditions to increase productivity=

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9
Q

Which act tied people to jobs essential for the war effort?

A

Essential work order 1941

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10
Q

Post ww2 there was rapid expansion in what?

A

New industries

oppurtunites for blue collor workers

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11
Q

which industry was a major employer?

how many employees

A

car

over 500,000 1950’s and 60’s

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12
Q

how much did avergage wages rise by in 1950-70?

A

88%

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13
Q

Low inflation led to

A

increase buying power

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14
Q

Increased oppurtunites led to

A

= growing affluenece and consumer boom

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15
Q

Who stated that the British public never had it so good?

A

Macmillan

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16
Q

Increased oppurtunites for white collor workers in what sectors

A

Service and professional

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17
Q

What led to the creatoion of more public sector jobs?

A

the expansion of government intervention + creation of the welfare state

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18
Q

who was the biggest single employer in Europe by the 1970s?

A

NHS

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19
Q

P2

A

E1: ww2== increased working opportunities
-8 million women in “male-dominated” industries

BENEFITS=
Women better paid as a result of employment
Many reached levels of importance and seniority that were not available in civilian life

-Bevin -efforts to make the workplace more accessible for mothers: creches and medical cares introduced

Married women
-more likely to work due to the removal of the ‘marriage bar’

  • In industries: Civil service 1946
  • Bnaking 1949
  • Late 70’s , approximately 50% of all married women retaining their jobs

women were given more opportunities to pursue , career :marriage and children were no longer a significant barrier

E2:Government action in the 1970s ensured that women were protected against discrimination in the workplace:

- Equal Pay Act (1970) was made compulsory in 1975: improved pay = steps towards equality

prohibited less favorable pay or conditions for women
a significant milestone on the road to economic equality
-the war had a broader impact and contributed to slowly changing attitudes

-post-war it became more acceptable for women to work (particularly in the services industry)

 Sex Discrimination Act (1975) provided legal protection against discrimination in employment and education

  • tribunals deal with sexual harassment
  • Labour gov - Equal oppurntinies commission

 Employment Protection Act (1975) made it illegal to sack pregnant women, provided the right to maternity pay
and guaranteed their job would be protected: removed some of the difficulties of becoming a mother

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20
Q

ww2 increased oppurtuniteis for what

A

work

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21
Q

how many women in “male dominated” industries?

A

8 million

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22
Q

Bevin mae efforts to make what more accessible for who and how

A

Workplace

mothers

creches and medical cares introduced

23
Q

Benefits for women of increased employment in war

A

BENEFITS=
Women better paid as a result of employment

Many reached levels of importance and seniority that were not available in civilian life

24
Q

In 1944 how many women worked on farms away from home

A

80,000

25
Q

what became more acceptable post war for women

A

women to work (particulary in service industry)

26
Q

Why were maried women more likey to work?

A

removal of the ‘marriage bar’

:marriage and children were no longer a significant barrier

27
Q

Removal of marriage bar in what industries

A

Civil service 1946

-Bnaking 1949

28
Q

In late 70’s what % of married women retained their jobs

A

50%

29
Q

What ensured that women were protected against discrimination at work?

A

Government action in the 1970s

30
Q

what did the equal pay act 1975 do?

A

improved pay

prohibited less favorable pay or conditions for women=
a significant milestone

31
Q

what did the sex discrimination act 1975 provide?

A

legal protection against discrimination in employment and education

32
Q

what was set up in the sex discrimination act to deal with sexual harasment?

A

tribunals

33
Q

Which act made it illegal to sack a pregnant woman

?

what did it provide

A

Employment Protection Act (1975

maternity pay

34
Q

what did the employment prtection act guarentee and what did it remove the stress of?

A

job protection

becmoing mother

35
Q

P3

A

+ educational opportunities

E1: HEAVY INDUSTRY DECLINED in 60’s’70’a

  1. Lack of LT investment
  2. Growing comp from overseas competitors

mining, construction, and agriculture all struggled to compete and there were heavy job losses in industrial regions

car industry, also struggled against international competition: a down-turn in car manufacturing in the 1970s had a knock-on effect in other industries such as tyres, plastics, steel, and glass

1970’s= cannot maintain full commitment to full employment

1972= 1 million umeployed

new reality of joblessness vs ideas on job security

North,south wales,midlans, scotland= decline in heavy
e.g Midlands- car manufacuting main indusry = knock on effects

E2:Women-

Limited working opportunity

“Womens work”

: most left school at 15 and few attended universitas

late as 1965, women were mainly employed in low-skilled work (60%) –

only 15% of lawyers and doctors were women

1979 women were paid 60% of a man’s wage due to glass ceiling that kept them in part time or low skilled jobs

Social attitudes= barriers

  1. ⅓ of women married when they were a teenager in the 1960s
  2. employers were still reluctant to employ or promote mothers
36
Q

2 main reasons for decline of heavy industry

A

Lack of LT investment

growing competition from overseas competitors

37
Q

where were there heavy job losses?

A

Industrial regions

38
Q

3 industrie that struggles to compete

A

Mining

construction

agriculture

39
Q

which indutry stuggled against international comp?

A

car

40
Q

effect of struggling car industry

A

a down-turn in car manufacturing in the 1970s had a knock-on effect in other industries such as tyres, plastics, steel, and glass

41
Q

employment in 1970’s

A

Cannot maintain full employment

42
Q

1972 how many unemployed

A

1 million

43
Q

new reality between what

A

ideas of job security and joblessness

44
Q

5 areas with decline in heay indsutry

A

North,south wales,midlans, scotland

45
Q

Midlands main industry

A

car manufacturing

46
Q

women were still limited in what

A

Working oppurtunites

educational oppurtunites

47
Q

how many women went to uni and at what age did most leave school by

A

few

15

48
Q

what % of women in low skilled work

A

60

49
Q

what % of women lawyers and doctors

A

15%

50
Q

in 1979 women were paid what % of a mans wage

A

60%

51
Q

why were women kept in part time of low skilled jobs

A

glass ceiling

52
Q

social attitudes were still a what

A

barrier

53
Q

what fraction of women were married as a teen in 1960’s

A

1/3

54
Q

what were employers still reluctant to do?

A

hire women

History Industrail relation (2 decks)

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