how effective are bottom up and top down strategies.

Question 1

Top down development

Answer 1

Happens through governments and TNCs•Large-scale projects that aim at national level or regional-level•Very expensive projects, often funded by international banks•Sophisticated technology that needs exerts to maintain and install.•Way of helping large urban populations, but often at the expense of the rural areas.•Often countries go into debt, in some cases the debt is never paid off.

Question 2

Example of top down development Gorges dam, China

Answer 2

Supplies 22,500 mw to large cities•Improved trade –allows container ships access•Controls flooding = improved agricultural×1.4 mill people moved from their homes×Costs $22 billion×Led to extinction of the Yangtze river dolphin

Question 3

bottom-up development

Answer 3

Happens through actions of NGOs working with communities•Local-scale projects that aim to benefit a village•Very cheap and usually funded by the community•Appropriate technology –can be maintained by locals

Question 4

Example of bottom up development Micro-hydro dams

Answer 4

Practical Aid provides small scale dams to provide energy•Generate 500kw of energy•Provides energy and jobs•Cuts down the need for fuelwood