how does sports medicine address the demands of specific athletes? Flashcards
what is asthma
asthma is characterised by inflammation of the airways leading to the bronchioles, limiting air flow in/out of lungs.
what are triggers of asthma?
dust, pollen, pollution and dry air
How can you manage and minimise asthma?
- Use a gradual warm up to increase respiratory rates in anticipation of exercise and conclude with a leisurely warm down such as light swimming In order to slowly reduce respiratory rates to pre-exercise state
- Exercise intensity needs to be steady as sudden changes in breathing can trigger an attack
- Follow all medical advice, such as the use of preventer and reliever puffers
- Adequately hydrate
steps to deal with an asthma with first aid
(national asthma council guidelines)
- Sit the child comfortably upright
- Give 4 puffs of a blue/ grey reliever – Give one puff at a time with 4 breaths after each puff
- Wait 4 minutes
- Give 4 more puffs in the same manner if the person cannot breath properly
- Call an ambulance immediately
what is hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia?
hypo= low sugar levels
hyper= high sugar levels
What is type two diabetes and how is it induced/what does it do?
It is a lifestyle disease, brought on by physical inactivity and poor diet. characterised by a breakdown in effieciency of insulin activity resulting in high levels of insulin and glucose in the blood.
what is type one diabetes and what is it caused by/what does it do?
it is insulin dependent, caused by an autoimmune disorder.
characterised by the body no longer produces insulin, resulitng in a build up of glucose in the blood.
type 1 is more prevalent amongst children, rather than type 2
How does type 1 diabetes affect the way young people engage in sport?
it affects sports engagement because glucose is an important energy source during participation.
if glucose levels are too low, this can lead to a hypoglycaemic episode.
if the glucose levels are too high, this can lead to a hyperglycaemic episode.
these can lead to unconsciousness or death
What should a player with type 1 diabetes do to participate in sports?
the player should monitor their glucose, and eating before and after excercise.
they should have snacks and water available always.
what are the implications of a coach if a player has type 1 diabetes?
the coach should
-carry high sugar foods eg lollies,
-know diabetes signs and symptoms
-know who has diabetes and who it will affect them
-allow for rest
what is epilepsy
epilepsy is a disturbance to brain functioning, causing a brief alteration to consciousness, resulting in seizures
what are the implications for how young people with epilepsy engage in sport?
Epilepsy should not limit a players participation unless they are having frequent seizures they should avoid contact sports eg. boxing
close supervision should be undertaken when a child is participating in activiteis eg. watersports, bike and horse riding
what causes epileptic fits
fatigue and high body temperature
how is epilepsy managed by coaches
coaches should:
-know who has epilepsy
-plan alternate activites
-be aware of heat and the athletes limits
How to manage an epileptic fit
- Remove any surrounding dangers, such as other payers by stopping play
- Place the child in the recovery position after jerking stops or immediately if there if food, fluid or vomit in the child’s mouth
- Reassure the child after the seizure
- Call an ambulance if the seizure lasts longer than five minutes
What causes overuse injuries?
(give examples of overuse injuries)
occur because of repeated use of a part of the body, causing tissue damage and considerable discomfort. Overuse injuries that commonly affect children and young athletes are stress
fractures, swimmer’s shoulder and runner’s knee.
what are the causes of overuse injuries?
- Prolonged periods of repeated practice without rest such as at training camps
- Poor biomechanical technique leading to excessive strain on the body such as lower back injuries in dancers and gymnasts
- Inadequate equipment such as poor running shoes that do not provide proper support resulting in increased pressure on joints
- Strength and flexibility imbalances leading to poor body alignment
what is thermoregulation?
Thermoregulation refers to the maintenance of a stable internal temperature independent of the temperature of the environment.
why is thermoregulation a risk for children and young athletes?
Children are less able to effectively control their body temperature at 37°C placing them at greater risk of hypothermia and hyperthermia in unfavourable weather conditions.
Main factors contributing to the increased risks to children for thermoregulation:
- Underdeveloped sweat glands release fluid more slowly and are less responsive to temperature changes
- Higher surface area to volume ratio means they absorb more heat on hot days
- Slower rates of acclimatisation: the physiological changes required to manage hot and cold days take longer to occur, such as vasodilation and vasoconstriction and sweating.
to ensure safety of children for children and young athletes under weather conditions, children should:
- Avoid extreme conditions such as high humidity
- Have regular rest and water breaks in the shade on hot days
- Wear loose and light coloured clothing on hot days to allow the skin to breathe and reflects the suns rays
- Warm clothing covering the skin on cold days to retain heat
What are the risks of resistance training?
-Prior to the age of 16, heavy strength training can lead to damage of the growth
plates, leading to stunted growth and injury.
what types of training should young athletes conduct while avoiding injury?
-Up until the age of 12, strength training should focus on body
weight exercises with high repetitions such as knee push-ups and crunches.
-After age 15, heavier weights and weight machines can be slowly introduced allowing for 10-15 reps such as shoulder press and bicep curls.
what are some heart conditions an aged athlete/adult may have?
high blood pressure
heart problems eg. heart attack
bypass surgery
what must aged athletes/adults with heart conditions do when taking part in new excersise
get medical clearance
light-moderate intensity
gradual progression
what type of activity should aged athletes/adults with heart conditions take part in
strength and aerobic training as they help reduce blood pressure which is beneficial to heart health
what type of aerobic training should aged athletes/adults with heart conditions do
walking
cycling
swimming
golf
not too stressful on cardiovascular system
what type of strength training should aged athletes/adults with heart conditions do
light resistance and major muscle groups
should avoid heavy weights and isometric training eg plank as it causes an increase in blood pressure
why do aged athletes/adults have higher risk of fractures/bone density
bones weaken with age, can lead to osteoporosis (which is reduced bone density)
what does osteoporosis cause
increased fractures as bones are thin and weak
how do aged athletes/adults avoid fractures and bone density problems
strength training eg. weights- increase in bone density and strength
balancing activities eg. aerobics- as it minimises risk of falls; which are a leading cause of fractures in aged people
how does flexibility and joint mobility affect aged athletes/adults
it reduces with age.
reduced mobility = reduced independence
how do aged athletes/adults prevent flexibility and joint mobility issues
flexibility training- daily stretching eg. sit and reach
aquarobics- maintains joint mobility, low impact, water offers resistance for strengthening muscles
yoga-
in female athletes, what are eating disorders characterised by
abnormal eating behaviours eg. anorexia, bulimia
in which sports are eating disorders in female athletes common
sports that require low body fat and ideal body shape/size to be at an advantage
eg. gymnastics or diving
why are female athletes more likely to develop eating disorders
pressure from media eg. magazine and instagram
social expectations to have “athletic” body
how can a coach reduce eating disorders in female athletes
know how to detect signs of eating disorders
observe athletes eating practices
educate athletes on healthy eating and eating disorders
why do female athletes often have iron deficiency
blood loss through menstruation
reduced consumption of red meat on average
why is iron deficiency in female athletes an issue
iron has an important role in oxygen transportation which is vital for muscle functioning
what does iron deficiency cause
Anaemia
what does anaemia cause
anaemia reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of blood, leading to fatigue and loss of energy
what may female athletes need to do if they have anaemia
they may require supplementation- iron tablets
how does iron deficiency affect female athletes sporting participation
it can limit sporting participation- esp. aerobic sports- if levels not monitored and increased if necessary
what process do female athletes that often leads to bone density issues
menopause
why does menopause lead to a decrease in bone density in female athletes
a decrease in oestrogen levels leads to more calcium lost in bones, causing brittle bones
what does bone density issues in female athletes lead to
increased risk of fractures
how would female athletes prevent bone density issues
adequate dietary intake of calcium eg. dairy products
how does bone density affect female athletes sporting participation
significantly affects as low bone density leads to increased risk of fractures, which are a safety risk.
low impact activity eg. swimming and cycling are recommended because of this
how does pregnancy affect female athletes excercise
it must be light-moderate intensity
done at a cool temperature
with adequate water consumption
what does cool temperature and adequate water consumption prevent for a pregnant female athlete
heat stress, which can be harmful to fetus
why is self managed exercise programs recommended to pregnant female athlete
it is easier to follow the guidelines
what are the benefits for female athletes of exercising whilst pregnant
weight control
increased cardiovascular fitness
improved well being
