How Do We Remember: Cues To Improving Our Memory Flashcards
How is information Stored?
We store information by encoding it.
What is Encoding?
Encoding is the process by which we place our experiences into memory. This information remains readily available for us.
When we process new information that makes it more relevant and meaningful for memory what is it called?
Elaborative Encoding
who was Ebbinghaus?
Born 1850 and died 1909 and was a pioneer of studying memory. He was known for reviewing information you studied right before you take an exam because memory decays or drops overtime. He also came up with another principle of learning called the spacing effect and Overlearning
Define Spacing Effect.
Spacing effect refers to the fact that studying is more effective when you spread your study for a particular period of time than when you complete studying closer together or all at the same time.
The Spacing effect has two parts
Distributed practice and mass Practice. Distributed practice is more effective as studying is spread out over different times. Unlike, you have mass practicing which is practicing all materials in one block
What is overlearning?
Overlearning I another of Ebbinghaus method/ approach to effective learning and memory. It is continuing to practice and studying even if you think you know all the information.
How can information be remembered once it stored?
By the use of the process called retrieval process- reactivating information that has been stored in memory.
How do we retrieve information? ( Circumstances)
We can retrieve information under the same conditions or the state in which we learnt (encode) them context dependent learning and state dependent learning.
Explain Context dependent earning. Give an exampe
Context dependent learning is based on an increase in retrieval when the external situation in which information was learnt matches the situation in which it is remembered. For example: Studying Spanish and singing a Spanish song to encode information in memory. This easier learning as you encode songs with the word so once you hear the song again you’ll remember most or all of the words you studied.
Define State Dependent Learning.
Reference to the superior retrieval of information when the individual is in the same psychological state as encoding.
What is the primacy and recency effect?
It is an effect that arose as a result of the phenomenon that an individual seem to remember events at the top of a list and the end of the list rather than the middle.
Define primary recency
Primary recency is the effect of retrieving stimuli at the beginning of a list.
What is recency effect
The effect of retrieving a stimuli that was presented at the end of a list or later on a list.
What is retroactive interferrence
Retroactive inteferrence occurs when we learn something new and it interferes with our ability to retrieve information that was learned earlier.
