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Evolution and Behaviour > How do we explain parental care across different taxa? > Flashcards

How do we explain parental care across different taxa? Flashcards

1
Q

What is parental care?

A

Refers to the evolutionary behaviours associated with the investment placed into ones offspring

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2
Q

What are the four parental systems seen across taxa?

A

Biparental, female only, male only and no care

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3
Q

What is alloparenting?

A

Whereby a parent cares for another’s offspring

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4
Q

How does alloparenting usually come about?

A

Brood parasitism - seen in birds - others lay in others nests and let mother rear - seen in 5-46% populations of Starlings (Petrie and Moller, 1991).

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5
Q

What is egg dumping?

A

Female moves her egg to anothers nest - Cliff swallows are pros at this (Brown and Brown, 1988)

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6
Q

What is at the bottom of the parental care spectrum?

A

No care - gamete release, seen in aquatic inverts (Starfish) and sponges

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7
Q

What is the knowledge of evolutionary sex difference?

A

Males carry potential to father offspring at a faster rate than females can produce - expected to maximise number of matings.
Females invest more into zygote and therefore selective in mate choice
(Krebs and Davies, 1993)
Why is there parental care, surely males benefit from not providing care

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8
Q

What two factors can we relate back to when looking at parental care strategy?

A

Animal history and life traits (physiological adaptations) and Ecological factors (environmental constraints) - trade off decisions

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9
Q

What are the three explanations that are used in MY essay to explain parental care?

A

MATING SYSTEMS
FERTILISATION METHOD
PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS

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10
Q

How do mating systems influence parental care?

A

Based on the influence it has on personal reproductive success and care needed for offspring

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11
Q

What parental care and mating system do BIRDS USE

A

Biparental care and monogamous

90% have monogamous mating systems

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12
Q

What parental care and mating system do MAMMALS USE?

A

Female only and polygynous

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13
Q

What parental care and mating system do FISH USE?

A

Male only and polygamy

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14
Q

What parental care and mating system do INVERTS use?

A

Limited care but female only if used and polyandry (hymenoptera)/polygamy

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15
Q

What is reproductive success based on in birds?

A

Rate that food is brought to nest - two parents = twice as much food brought to nest, if either deserts have to invest time in searching for new nest and mate
Huge pressure on infant growth and endothermy

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16
Q

What is an example of a successful monogamous system in birds?citation

A

Kittiwakes - monogamous life pairing system and biparental care - higher reproductive success if previous matings have occurred (Coulson, 1966)

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17
Q

Which type of eaters(bird) is polygyny seen in abundantly?

A

Fruit and seed eaters when in season as in food is in abundance - male deserts and female cares
Male desertion only reduces productivity slightly - not too much effect

18
Q

What is the parental care/mating system in Yellow Rumped Caciques?citation

A

Female care and polygynous as females dont suffer from sharing a male - benefit from nesting close together and having his protection against predators (Robinson, 1986)

19
Q

What are the three reasons that polygyny is limited in birds and is the only reason monogamy is main system?
(Krebs and Davies, 1993)

A
  1. Competition by males
  2. Females suffer from lack of resources - affects his success
  3. Aggression of other females
20
Q

What tradeoff does the polygyny threshold model explain?

A

Females have to choose to either
Accept a polygnous already mated male with a good territory but less parental care
OR
An unmated male with a terrible territory but full time parental care

21
Q

What bird species has been studied in regards to the polygyny threshold model?What was the outcome?

A

Great Reed Warbler choose polygynous male with the best territory - shows resource driven and then will adapt parental strategy
(Bensch and Hasselquist, 1992)

22
Q

What is deception in birds?

A

Means a female gets stuck with no help - male is polygynous and doesn’t return to her brood - DICK!

23
Q

What is the mating system and parental care in Florida Snail Kite? citation

A

Either sex can desert and depends on who has better chance of finding a mate, depends on operational sex ratio (breeding males: sexually receptive females)
Low (2015)

24
Q

Why does POLYANDRY occur in Jacana birds?

A

Resource defence polyandry - lays clutches in a defended area and males care for eggs - fixed clutch size so optimises her clutches
She’s brightly coloured and larger \
Jenni and Collier (1972)

25
Q

Why are females the main caregivers in mammals?

A

Female reproductive success depends on resources, therefore males will defend large territories (harems) in order to defend resources in a polygynous system - one male mates all.

26
Q

What is the two step process to explain reproductive success in male and female animals?

A

Krebs and Davies (1993)

Males will disperse based on female dispersion or compete for resources which will also influence female dispersion

27
Q

What are different mating systems in mammals based on?

A

Variation of female home range, group size and movements

28
Q

What normally occurs in mammal mating systems if movements of females are unpredictable

A

Temp harems if all synch up in oestrus
Perm harems if separate oestrus cycles - defend large territory, exhausting so mate with all to optimise mating success (Le Boeuf, 1972)
Red deers and Elephant seals

29
Q

In mammals what example shows that male care is based on defence? citation

A

Gorillas - non monogamous but male care because enhances their ability to mate with more females in group and father more young
(Rosenbaum et al 2018)

30
Q

What is parental care based on in fish?

A

Guarding or fanning eggs - male

Mouthbrooding - keep eggs in mouth - catfish and cichlids- Helfman et al (1977)

31
Q

What fish species is monogamy seen in whereby males care?

A

Seahorses - pair bonds throughout season but can switch mates quite quick
Mate guarding and male ends up with egg in pouch (Kvarnemo et al, 2000)

32
Q

Why does internal fertilisation and external fertilisation influence parental care?

A

Males can desert with internal fertilisation and be polygynous
can’t provide much care as female carrying offspring

33
Q

How does the order of gamete release in fish determine male care?

A

DAWKINS AND CARLISLES (1976)
External fertilisation means that gamete structure plays a role
Female can desert first as her eggs are laid and he has to wait for his sperm to settle - lighter

34
Q

What does order of gamete release not explain?

A

Can’t explain males that create foam nests for female and deposit the sperm first - put down to it being in his territory - most aquatic inverts follow suit

35
Q

How does association with the embryo determine parental care in fish?

A

WILLIAMS (1975)
Preadapts the sex to care
Internal - live birth and protection
External (most fish) - eggs laid in his territory - will defend and this attracts more females to lay here

36
Q

How does physiological adaptations influence parental care?

A

Evolved adaptations can predetermine a sex to care

37
Q

What’s an example of an evolved adaptation in birds which could influence biparental care? citation

A

Both sexes have developed a crop in order to regurgitate food, pigeons create crop milk (Ehrlich et al, 2016)

38
Q

Whats an example of an evolved adaptation in mammals that influences female care?

A

Embryo development inside female and lactation to feed offspring

39
Q

Whats an example of an evolved adaptation in marsupials that influences female care?

A

Presence of pouch to carry young

40
Q

Whats an example of evolved adaptation in reptiles that influences the lack of care?

A

Self-sufficient offspring - can regulate body temp and forage themselves.

41
Q

What are your conclusions?

A

Parental care is difficult to generalise when looking at mating systems - many exceptions and mating systems change in accordance to ecological constraints (polygynous threshold model)
Fertilisation method is useful for explaining which sex can desert first
Better to look at individual species and ecological constraints/life history - major impact e.g. predation, female, food, clutch size

Evolution and Behaviour (2 decks)

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