how do dryland landforms evolve as climate changes

Question 1

most recent glacial and its effect

Answer 1

Pleistocene glacial peaked 20,000 years ago. North America and Eurasia largely ice covered. Mid-lats mostly ice free, Average temps 6^C lower, Permafrost dominated landscape, Today some of these areas are deserts (e.g. Great Plains)

Question 2

Permafrost

Answer 2

permanently frozen soil and regolith

Question 3

frost heave

Answer 3

progressive movement of soil particles downslope as a result of freeze-thaw cycles

Question 4

gelifluction/solifluction

Answer 4

slow flow of saturated regolith down a gradient which can be very gentle. When on permafrost it is called gelifluction

Question 5

general climate pattern in the last 500,000 yrs

Answer 5

fluctuated between cold and warm periods

Question 6

talus

Answer 6

scree slopes created by freeze-thaw weathering

Question 7

rock glaciers

Answer 7

linear accumulations of angular rocks which have moved downslope as a result of formation and melting of interstitial ice (ice formed btw rock particles)

Question 8

ognips or pingos

Answer 8

conical ice-cored hill in periglacial environments

Question 9

cryoturbation

Answer 9

soil and sediment churned by frost heave

Question 10

ice wedges

Answer 10

infilled casts of vertical, triangular sheets of ground ice

Question 11

nivation hollows

Answer 11

physical weathering and frost have occurred beneath long established snow patches. resulting debris removed by flowing meltwater. They trap snow and prolong the action of freeze thaw