How do carbohydrates impact your health? - Richard J. Wood

Question 1

What are the two types of carbohydrates?

Answer 1

Simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates

Question 2

Carbohydrates are the nutritional category for _______ and molecules that your body breaks down to make _______.

Answer 2

sugars

Question 3

Name the three monosaccharide sugars featured in the video

Answer 3

1. Fructose
2. Glucose
3. Galactose

Question 4

Name the three disaccharide sugars featured in the video

Answer 4

1. Lactose - A Galactose and glucose joined together
2. Maltose - Two glucose molecules joined together
3. Sucrose - A fructose and glucose joined together

Question 5

What are the two sub-categories of simple carbohydrates?

Answer 5

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

Question 6

What are complex carbohydrates?

Answer 6

Complex carbohydrates have three or more sugar molecules strung together?

Question 7

What are the two sub-categories of complex carbohydrates?

Answer 7

Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

Question 8

What do you call a complex carbohydrate with 3-10 linked sugars?

Answer 8

An oligosaccharide

Question 9

What do you call a complex carbohydrate with over 10 (11-∞) linked sugars?

Answer 9

Polysaccharides

Question 10

What does your body do to ingested complex carbohydrates?

Answer 10

The body breaks down the complex carbohydrates into their monosaccharide sugar building blocks such as fructose, galactose and glucose which the cells can use for energy.

Question 11

Name two polysaccharides mentioned in the video

Answer 11

1. Starch
2. Fibre (British spelling, fiber is the American spelling

Both of these polysaccharides are derived from plants. Starch is stored in roots and seeds and is used for energy.

Question 12

Which type of linkage is found between glucose molecules in starch and which type of linkage is found between glucose molecules in fibre?

Which of the two types of linkages is easier to break by enzymes in the body?

Answer 12

Alpha linkages (bonds) are found between glucose molecules in a starch molecule.

Beta linkages (bonds) are found between glucose molecules in a fibre molecule.

Alpha linkages are easier to break by enzymes in the body.

Question 13

What is another name for beta-bonded fibre?

Answer 13

cellulose

https://www.fooduciary.com/the-difference-between-starch-and-fiber-and-choosing-a-digestive-enzyme-that-works-for-you/

Question 14

What is formed when fibre molecules surround and trap starch molecules

Answer 14

Resistant starch. The enzymes can’t break the beta bonds of fibre and so cannot enter reach the alpha bonds of the starch molecule inside the ring-like fibre molecule.

Question 15

Name some foods with starch in them.

Answer 15

1. Donuts
2. White bread
3. Crackers

Question 16

Name the foods that was said to contain a lot of fibre

Answer 16

Vegetables, fruits and whole grains

Question 17

What is meant by the glycemic index of a food?

Answer 17

The glycemic index of a food is a measure of how much a food raises your blood-glucose level.

White bread contains starch. Starch has alpha linkages easily broken apart by enzymes so lots of glucose (since starch is composed of lots of glucose molecules linked by alpha bonds) gets released into the blood raising the blood glucose level.

Question 18

Explain why foods with beta bonds have lower glycemic indices (index) than foods with alpha bonds.

Answer 18

Digestive enzymes in the body (mostly amylase) can easily break the alpha bonds of a starch molecule. Once the alpha bonds are broken, all that is left is the glucose building blocks of the starch molecule. This free glucose causes the blood-glucose level to rise considerably.

However, the digestive enzymes in our body cannot break beta bonds between glucose molecules in fibre (also known as cellulose) so the fibre passes our small intestine unchanged. The cellulose finally gets broken down into their glucose building blocks when it meets the gut bacteria microbiome in our large intestine. These bacteria have the enzymes that can break beta bonds. Therefore the beta bonds in fibre slow the release of glucose into the blood, therefore, it has a lower glycemic index.

Question 19

According to the TED video, what foods have a high glycemic index

Answer 19

Soda, waffles, crackers, white bread

Question 20

According to the TED video, what foods have a medium glycemic index?

Answer 20

Fruit, vegetables and whole grains

Question 21

According to the TED video, which foods have a low glycemic index?

Answer 21

Eggs, cheese and meats

Question 22

Where is the hormone insulin synthesised in the body?

Answer 22

In the pancreas

Question 23

Describe briefly what the role of insulin is.

Answer 23

Insulin works to lower your blood-glucose level by promoting your muscle and fat cells to let the glucose in the blood move into themselves.

Question 24

What is Insulin sensitivity?

Answer 24

Insulin sensitivity is the degree that a unit of insulin can lower the blood-glucose level.

Question 25

What is Insulin resistance?

Answer 25

Insulin resistance describes the phenomenon where cells, especially muscle cells become less responsive to insulin and a unit of insulin is less effective at lowering blood-glucose levels.

Insulin resistance increases as insulin sensitivity of cells decreases.

Question 26

Consuming lots of carbohydrates over a long time can lead to ______ _________.

Answer 26

insulin resistance

Question 27

Insulin resistance can lead to a serious condition called ______ _______.

Answer 27

metabolic syndrome

Question 28

Name the symptoms of metabolic syndrome

Answer 28

1. Increased waist circumference
2. High blood sugar
3. High blood pressure

Question 29

What conditions could metabolic syndrome lead to?

Answer 29

1. Cardiovascular disease
2. Type II diabetes

Question 30

According to the Ted what percentage of Americans have metabolic syndrome?

Answer 30

32%