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Identify which of the following is a stage of cognitive development.
A. Pre-operational stage
B. Sensory operational stage
C. Formal concrete stage
D. Informal operational stage
A. Pre-operational stage
Define what is meant by centration.
A behaviour often demonstrated in the pre-operational stage.
This is the tendency for the child to focus on one salient aspect of the situation/problem/object and neglect other, possibly relevant aspects.
Explain one strength and one weakness of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
STRENGTH:
groundbreaking and influential - he changed how people viewed and studied children. Many researchers have been influenced by this theory. It has informed educational practices across the world.
WEAKNESS: Piaget did not look at the infuence of social interactions or the cultural setting, which can affect the development of patterns of thought. Dasen (1994) found that Aboriginal children developed the ability to conserve at a later stage than Piaget’s Swiss sample did. This suggests that culture may affect cognitive development.
What is the difference between a fixed mindset and a growth mindset?
A fixed mindset - assumes abilities and understanding are relatively fixed.
A growth mindset - the belief that abilities and understanding can be developed.
The main difference between these two mindsets is the belief in the permanence of intelligence and ability.
Fixed mindset views intelligence as permanent and growth mindset views it as changeable, with opportunities for improvement.
Outline the aims of Piaget and Inhelder’s (1956) ‘Three mountains task’.
Piaget and Inhelder wanted to look at the extent to which children of different ages were able to take the view of another person.
They also wanted to investigate the children’s overall system of putting together a number of different views of what they see.
What early brain development would be expected in the first month of pregnancy?
When the foetus is about 3 or 4 weeks old, a long tube develops in the brain.
Which is divided from the front into three distinct round sections.
Forebrain, Midbrain and Hindbrain.
Outline Piaget’s theory of moral development.
His theory focused on two distinct stages of moral devlopment.
In heteronomous morality, children follow strict rules and see rules as inflexible. This is moral realism. In the second stage, autonomous reality, children start to take the perspective and intention of others into account. This is called moral relativism.
What is qualitative data?
Data that is descriptive, not numbers, such as words or pictures.
What was the main ethical issue in the Gunderson key study (2013)?
The main ethical issue was deception.
The participants were deceived as they were told that the study was about child development.
It was about types of praise and the effect this has on a child.
For ethical reasons there must be as little deceit as possible in a study.
Mrs Morgan is a nursery school teacher who wants to see whether praising effort or praising ability encourages children to paint pictures for longer.
She splits her class into three groups and asks two teachers to help. Teacher 1 praises the effort of children in group 1. Teacher 2 praises the ability of children in group 2. Mrs Morgan does not praise the children in group 3. A fourth teacher observes all three groups and records how long the children paint during the day.
Explain what Mrs Morgan is likely to find in her study.
(refer to Gunderson et al. (2013) )
Gunderson et al (2013) found praising effort increased motivation compared to praising ability.
Mrs Morgan is likely to find that the group praised for effort will paint for longer.
Mrs Morgan is a nursery school teacher who wants to see whether praising effort or praising ability encourages children to paint pictures for longer.
She splits her class into three groups and asks two teachers to help. Teacher 1 praises the effort of children in group 1. Teacher 2 praises the ability of children in group 2. Mrs Morgan does not praise the children in group 3. A fourth teacher observes all three groups and records how long the children paint during the day.
Explain one strength and one weakness of Mrs Morgan’s study.
STRENGTH: One strength is that a fourth teacher was used as an independent observer. This would mean that there is less researcher bias in what was observed and the results will be more valid.
WEAKNESS: One weakness is that chidlren may not have liked painting. This means they will have stopped painting because they did not like it rather than due to lack of praise, so there is a lack of cause and effect in Mrs Morgan’s study.
What are Piagets four stages of Cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor stage - Birth to 2 yrs
- Pre-operational stage - 2 to 7yrs
- Concrete operational stage - 7 to 12yrs
- Formal operational stage - 12+yrs
In a 5 weeks old foetus, how has the Forebrain, Midbrain and Hindbrain developed?
Forebrain - splits into an anterior (front) and posterior (rear) section.
Midbrain - does not divide
Hindbrain - splits through the middle.
What is the role of the Cerebellum?
- Controls physical skills which develop over time
- Involved in fear response.
- Involved in processing sense information
What is the role of the Medulla Oblongata?
- Controls involuntary responses (sneezing/breathing)
2. Controls heart rate and blood pressure
At what foetal age can the Cerebellum be seen?
6 weeks
A year after birth how much larger is the Cerebellum than at 6 weeks?
3 times Larger
Where in the brain can the Medulla Oblongata be found?
In the hindbrain, in front of the Cerebellum
Which of these is a feature of Piaget’s pre-operational stage?
A. Hypothetical thinking
B. Conservation
C. Reversibility
D. Egocentrism
D.Egocentrism
What is assimilation?
A. Incorporating new experiences into existing schemas
B. Adjusting to the world as they experience new things
C. When a child’s schema can explain all that they experience; a state of mental balance
D. A schema no longer works and has to be changed to deal with a new experience
A. Incorporating new experiences into existing schemas
What is a schema?
A. A mental structure which gives us frameworks to understand the world
B. A set of beliefs someone has that guides how someone responds to or interprets a situation
C. A type of research design
D. A type of a play in which a child uses objects and ideas to represent other objects and ideas
A. A mental structure which gives us frameworks to understand the world
Which of the following statements sum up the growth mindset?
A. If I am no good at it I might as well give up
B. It is no good trying as I don’t have the ability
C. I do not think that intelligence is fixed at birth
D. I don’t take on new challenges as I might show myself up
C. I do not think that intelligence is fixed at birth
How many children were studied in the ‘three mountains’ task?
A. 150
B. 50
C. 100
D. 10
C. 100
Entity theory/ entity motivational framework stems from what type of praise?
A. Positive praise
B. Pessimistic praise
C. Person praise
D. Process praise
C. Person praise
What is a debrief?
A. Information given to the participant at the end of the study
B. A feature of the concrete-operational stage
C. A type of schema
D. The ability to focus on more than one aspect of a problem
A. Information given to the participant at the end of the study
According to Piaget what age is the heteronomous stage of morality?
A. 11-13 years old
B. 14 to 16 years old
C. 5 to 10 years old
D. Birth to 4 years old
C. 5 to 10 years old
Which female psychologist criticised Kohlberg because of his male-only (androcentric) sample?
A. Bem
B. Gilligan
C. Loftus
D. Damon
B. Gilligan
Which of these is not a skill associated with the concrete-operational stage?
A. Hypothetical/abstract thinking
B. Decentration
C. Classification
D. Reversibility
A. Hypothetical/abstract thinking
