How did the Tsars seek to restore and maintain their authority after 1855?

Question 1

From the time of Alexander III, it was decided that political ______ would be best for Russia, by engaging in a policy of _______ based on making the Russian ________ and ________ the dominant focus of cultural life for the whole patchwork empire.

Answer 1

Loyalty
Russification
Language
Religion

Question 2

Why might Russia at the time of Alexander III be referred to as a patchwork empire?
R)
U)
B)
P)
E)
L)
L)
F)
G)
A)
Az)
K)
Uz)
T)u
K)
Ta)

Answer 2

The empire was made up of Russia, the core of the empire, Ukraine, Belarus, Poland (partially, as the congress kingdom of Poland was under Russian control), the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), Finland,
parts of the caucasus region (Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan), Central Asia (Kazakstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, and parts of the far east (including territories that are now part of modern day Mongolia and china)

Question 3

In Finland, what was their parliament under Russian permission called?

Answer 3

The Diet

Question 4

Russification under Alexander III affected the diet by:

Answer 4

Reorganisation in order to weaken its political influence.

Question 5

Attempts to convert Orthodox Christians to another religion was made…

Answer 5

Punishable by exile in Siberia.

Question 6

The use of Russian Language was… …In Finland.

Answer 6

Increasingly demanded and enforced

Question 7

In the Baltic regions, use of the Russian language was _______________________________________.

Answer 7

Enforced in all state offices (government), schools, the police force, and judicial systems.

Question 8

Laws were passed in favour of ____________ . In the baltic region, 37,000 Lutheran Protestants converted to ________________to benefit from these laws.

Answer 8

Orthodox Christian

Question 9

In _______, All lessons in schools and universities except for Polish language had to be taught in _______. Even Polish literature had to be studied in __________________.

Answer 9

Poland
Russia
Russian translation

Question 10

In central asian provinces of the empire, a campaign began to convert ‘h_____’ and m______ to orthodox christianity.

Answer 10

heathens and muslims

Question 11

In Poland, Catholic ___________________ and Orthodox Christians were ___________________________.

Answer 11

In Poland, Catholic monasteries were closed down and Orthodox Christians were encouraged to settle in the area.

Question 12

Use of Ukrainian language was further limited in ____, then, in ____, all the theatres in Ukraines 5 _________ were closed down.

Answer 12

1883
1884
provinces

Question 13

What was the Polish administration?

Answer 13

Organisation of government.

Question 14

The administration in Poland was _________ to _____ the independence of people in Poland.

Answer 14

reorganised
limit

Question 15

Military service was extended to cover areas of U______ that had previously been exempt. Now, men across the country could be __________________________.

Answer 15

Ukraine
required to join the Russian army

Question 16

Russification policies to do with Poland (3):

Answer 16

-Unis/schools teaching in strictly Russian.
-Catholic Monasteries were closed down and orthodox Christians were encouraged to settle In those areas.
-The administration was reorganised to limit the independence of Polish people.

Question 17

Russification policies to do with Ukraine (3):

Answer 17

-Use of Ukrainian language limited in 1883
-1884 - all theatres shut down in Ukraines 5 provinces.
-Military service was extended to cover Ukrainian men who had previously been exempt

Question 18

Russification policies to do with the Baltic regions:

Answer 18

-Use of Russian language enforced in all state offices, schools, the police force, there judicial system.
-The university of Doprar (German) was Russified between 1889 and 1893 to become Yurev university.
-Laws were passed in favour of orthodox christians, 37,000 Lutheran protestants converted just to benefit from the laws.

Question 19

Laws were passed in favour of orthodox christians in the baltic region, ______ Lutheran protestants converted just to benefit from the laws.

Answer 19

37,000

Question 20

Ethnic Russians believes Russification was:

Answer 20

uniting the empire as one group of people.

Question 21

Violent protests broke out across the empire in _____, ____. There were ___ cases of unrest in / of Russia’s provinces and districts.

Answer 21

June, 1888.
332
2/3

Question 22

Russification caused resentment between which ethnic groups?

Answer 22

well-educated and wealthy Finns, Poles and baltic Germans.

Question 23

The publication of books in non-Russian languages…

Answer 23

continued in secret, as did the widespread use of non Russian spoken languages.

Question 24

In April 1881, a _______ broke out in Yelizavetgrad. Gangs of youths and local people roam the streets, attacking ____ and looting their property.

Answer 24

pogrom
jews

Question 25

What was the pale settlement?

Answer 25

An area along the east of Russia with a large jewish population.

Question 26

Vicious antisemitic rioting happened in Kiev. Three days of pogroms result in the ruin of —- jewish families and —- million roubles (currency) worth of damage to Jewish property.

Answer 26

762 jewish families and 1.75 million roubles(currency)

Question 27

Why did they hate the jewish?

Answer 27

-saw jews as robbers, reflecting a myth that jews are wealthy exploiters. Jews were mostly poorer than local non-jews.
-saw jews as christ killers and the myth of the blood-libel - saying jews secretly murder and kidnap christian children.
-The Orthodox Church was kinda antisemetic and did little to discourage the violence and the myths.
-Alexander III believes that Jews are to blame for political unrest, and helped to organise the murder of his dad, Alexander II.
-The Russian right wing press did a roaring trade in rumours that jews are creating revolutionary unrest.
-All in all, the antisemetism is a mixture of rather vague ideas, held together by the slogan “beat the zhidy, save Russia!”

Question 28

________ police officials to control a population of nearly _____________ across the empire. Outnumbered, police are clearly unwilling to risk their own safety to protect local Jews.

Answer 28

50,000
127,000,000

Question 29

Between 1881 and 1884, pogroms…

Answer 29

will continue to plague Russia’s Jews.

Question 30

Konstantine Pobedonostev said about jews…

Answer 30

“One third of Jews must emigrate, One third of Jews must die, and one third assimilate” (become Christian)

Question 31

Who said “One third of Jews must emigrate, One third of Jews must die, and one third assimilate” (become Christian)

Answer 31

Konstantine Pobedonostev
Po
yed
Do
No
stev

Question 32

Alexander III reforms:

Answer 32

Land captains
Town dumas
Zemstvos
Schools
Courts
Policing
Censorship
Universities

Question 33

Describe Alexander III’s Land captain
reform:

Answer 33

Land captains were established in 1889 with powers to override zemstvos elections and ignore zemstvos decisions. Land captains were responsible for law enforcement and could ignore the decisions of the courts.

Question 34

Describe Alexander III’s School
reform:

Answer 34

Children from the lowest social classes were restricted o primary education only, to prevent them from changing their ‘social environment’. Primary education was placed firmly under the control of the Orthodox Church. While the number of schools and students in primary schools continued to increase, literacy remained low. By 1897, only 21% of Russians were literate.

Question 35

Describe Alexander III’s Courts
reform:

Answer 35

In 1885, a decree allowed the minister of justice to have a greater control over courts including being able to fire judges.
In 1887, the ministry of justice was given the right to hold closed court sessions (trials in secret and not reported in the press) and the property qualification was raised for members of juries, to increase their influence of nobles on juries.
In 1889, the ministry of justice was also given the right to appoint town judges.

Question 36

Describe Alexander III’s Universities
reform:

Answer 36

A new universities charter was created in 1884. It gave the ministry of education power to approve appointment of university staff based on ‘religious, moral and patriotic orientation’ rather than academic ability. Universities for women were closed and uni life was closely supervised. Students couldn’t gather in groups more than 5.

Question 37

Describe Alexander III’s Town Dumas reform:

Answer 37

In 1892, the electorate (those with the right to vote in elections) was changed for town Dumas. Now, only people owning property over a certain value could vote. Mayors and members of town Dumas became government employees, subject to greater control by the government.

Question 38

Describe Alexander III’s Zemstvos
reform:

Question 39

Describe Alexander III’s policing
reform:

Question 40

Describe Alexander III’s censorship
reform:

Question 41

Reforms under Alexander II:
What reforms were made to the military/conscription under War Minister Dmitry Milyutin, (1874 - 75)

Answer 41

-Military made smaller, more efficient and less expensive to run.
-Medical care, weaponry and provisions were all improved and modernised.
-more effective command structure established.
-Officers were made to be more qualified, not just selected from the nobility
-Military colleges set up to train officers,
-literacy of peasant soldiers improved by education campaigns.
-Conscription compulsory for all Russians including nobility (who had previously been exempt.)
-Conscription reduced from 25 years to 15 years.
-Conscripts no longer forced to live in military colonies.

Question 42

Reforms under Alexander II:
What reforms were made to the

Question 43

Reforms under Alexander II:
What were the negatives of the military/conscription reforms under War Minister Dmitry Milyutin? (1874 - 75)

Answer 43

Nobility found substitutes to take their place in military service.
Officers still mostly made up of nobles.
Army continued to struggle in battle - difficulty defeating turkey, 1877-78, suffering humiliating defeats against Japan, 1904-5, and in World War One.