"How did the Cold War Develop?" - 1943-1956 Flashcards

1
Q

Key Features of the Teheran Conference

A

1943

  • UK + USA to open 2nd Front (France)
  • SU agreed to wage war on JP
  • UN to be set up after war
  • Area of Poland to be given to SU (Oder/Neisse Rivers)
  • Eastern Sphere of Influence
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2
Q

Key Features of Yalta Conference

A

1945

  • Germany divided into 4 zones (+ Berlin)
  • Easter European countries to hold free elections
  • USSR to join war against JP for two JP islands
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3
Q

Key Features of Potsdam Conference

A

1945

  • Nazi Party BANNED
  • Leaders to be tried at Nuremburg
  • Oder-Neisse line to be Germany/Poland Border
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4
Q

Disagreements at Potsdam

A
  • UK/USA denied USSR Mediterranean Naval Base
  • Stalin wanted more reparations from Germany
  • Stalin had set up Communist Gov. in Poland [suspicion]
  • USA dropped A bombs on JP
  • Capitalism vs Communism
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5
Q

Troops in Europe [Post War]

A
USA = 1945 - 3.1 million  1946 - 0.4 million
UK = 1945 - 1.3 million  1946 - 0.5 million
USSR = 1945 - 6 million  1946 - 6 million
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6
Q

USSR’s Satellite States

A

“Free elections to be held in E.European countries” - Yalta

  • Evidence = rigged elections
  • Bulgaria, Albania, Poland, Romania & Hungary = opponents beaten/frightened/murdered
  • By 1948: All EE countries COMMUNIST
  • Yugoslavia: Communist NOT RULED BY STALIN (Gen. Tito)
  • East & West Divided: “Iron Curtain”
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7
Q

Truman Doctrine

A

1947

  • Countries/People should choose Capitalism
  • Communism = BAD - people NOT FREE
  • USA to contain its spread e.g. Greek Civil War
  • USA provided $300 million to ‘free’ people
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8
Q

Marshall Plan

A

1947

  • $16 billion to 16 countries
  • Countries MUST trade with USA
  • USSR: “attack on us!”
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9
Q

Cominform

A

1947

  • ‘Communist Information Bureau’
  • Organized all Communist parties
  • Told them what to them & arranged leaders
  • Encouraged parties to reject Marshall Plan money
  • Got rid of any anti-USSR opposition
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10
Q

Comecon

A

1947

  • ‘Council for Mutual Economic Assistance’
  • USSR’s alternative to Marshall Plan
  • Inc. USSR, Bulg, Czech, Hung, Pol, Rom, Alb, (EG after ‘50)
  • Prevented them signing up for Marshall Plan
  • Built up trade links between Communist countries
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11
Q

Why did the Berlin Blockade happen?

A

1948-9

  • USA: wanted Germany strong = GOOD TRADE
  • USSR wanted Germany weak = EASY TO DEFEAT
  • POLITICAL DIFFERENCES
  • UK Zone, USA Zone + Fr Zone = Trizonia [Deutschmark]
  • USSR ANGRY (against Potsdam?)
  • Soviets walked out ALLIED CONTROL COMMISSION
  • Stalin thought USA/UK permanently dividing WG & EG
  • He was concerned about US policies e.g. Truman Doctrine & Marshall Aid
  • USSR had 1.5 million troops: Stalin thought USSR stronger
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12
Q

Key Features of Berlin Airlift

A
  • Stalin cut off all rail, road, canal, gas & electricity
  • So USA/UK flew in supplies from West
  • 2.3 million tonnes; 27,000 flights; 318 days
  • Flew into Tempelhof Airport
  • USSR didn’t shoot USA planes: USA Nuclear Advantage
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13
Q

Why did the Blockade End & Consequences

A
  • USA blockade of USSR more successful/damaging
  • Made USA look GOOD/STRONG + USSR look BAD/WEAK
  • Oct. 1949 = WG + EG OFFICIAL
  • MASSIVE decrease in relations between 2 superpowers
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14
Q

NATO

A

1949

  • Military Alliance: MOST W.European states inc. USA/CAN
  • Berlin Crisis confirmed USA’s fear of Communism spread
  • Western States (even together) could’t defeat USSR
  • They needed USA’s support
  • Main Purpose: defend each other
  • Seemed more important in ‘49 = USSR A-Bomb
  • No W.European State had nuclear weapons
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15
Q

The Warsaw Pact

A

1955

  • Stalin saw NATO as an ‘aggressive alliance’ against USSR
  • USSR set up their version called The Warsaw Pact
  • Military Alliance of 8 nations: counter threat of NATO
  • Members to support each other if attacked
  • Joint Command under: Soviet Supreme Commander
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16
Q

Other Developments…

A

1949-55

  • ‘49: Communism in China (Mao Zedong); USA ‘Domino’
  • ‘50-55: Domino Theory confirmed by Korean War
  • North = USSR/China South = US-supported den. Gov
  • Anti-Communist Hysteria in USA (McCarthy) - people guilty
  • ‘49: USSR A-Bomb = AMRS RACE
  • 53: STALIN DIES + Krushchev [de-Stalinisation] + PEACE
  • DS = changing/removing Stalin’s policies eg. Gulags
17
Q

What did the alliances create?

A

Fear & Mistrust

  • Brought about via Cold War
  • Same fear as NAZI
18
Q

Arms Race

A
  • The aim was to build more weapons than other side
  • Develop new weapons before other side
  • Nuclear: cheaper, deterrent
    USA: ‘A’ = 1945 ‘H’ = 1952 ‘ICBM’ = 1958 [Sub = 1960]
    USSR: ‘A’ = 1949 ‘H’ = 1953 ‘ICBM’ 1957
  • Increased tension!
  • During ’60s + ’70s = Very Expensive
19
Q

Why was there an uprising in Hungary?

A

1956

  • Political parties leaders arrested: TENSION
  • Hungary ruled by Communist Party
  • Rakosi ruled by terror/fear: 2,000 Killed 200,000 JAIL
  • Dreaded Secret Police (AVH)
  • Religious teaching in schools removed
  • Imprisoned Cardinal Mindszenty
  • Economy controlled by Comecon NO Marshall Aid
  • Unfair prices with USSR trading = Living Standards dropped
  • Rakosi created 5-year plan = FAILED
20
Q

Key Features of Hungarian Uprising

A
  • After demonstrations in October ‘56: K - TANKS/TROOPS
  • 12 DEAD: 100+ WOUNDED
  • Nagy spoke to SU = TANKS removed
  • US Sec.Of.State: “you can count on us!”
  • Nagy released 30 political prisoners
  • Nagy’s reforms published eg. Hungary leave WP
  • He hoped to win support with UN
  • Banned Political Parties re-appear: Coalition (03/11/56)
  • 04/11/56: K sends 6,000 TANKS + 20,000 TROOPS
  • They quickly captured roads, bridges, airports & transport centres
  • Ceasefire: [SU + Rebels] - 10/11/56
21
Q

What were Hungarians fighting for?

A
  • Freedom of speech/press/worship
  • Trade with WEST
  • Free trade unions + elections
  • NO 1 Party System
22
Q

Consequences of Hungarian Uprising

A
  • Nagy arrested & shot: Kadar takes over
  • 200,000 flee Hungary -> UK as refugees
  • 7,000 SU Troops + 20,000 REBELS dead
  • SU regained control + sent out warning
  • West saw K’s earlier message of peace as FALSE