How Did The Anc Strengthen Its Position After The Reversals Of The Early 70s?

Question 1

ANC in the 70s

Answer 1

Banned org, had to go underground
In exile: Tambo (London and Zambia)
Prison: Mandela, Sisulu and Sobukwe (Robben Island)

Question 2

Interpretation: ANC made little progress in 70s

Answer 2

Forced underground
Imprisonment
Failure of the Wankie and Sipolo campaign
MK lost support of Zambia
Hani Memo: division within ANC restricted progress

Question 3

Interpretation: ANC made significant progress in the 70s

Answer 3

Zambia becomes location for those escaping political persecution
MK also based in Zambia
Whilst in exile, Tambo garners wider support
Take members of other races
Tambo reelected following memo

Question 4

The Wankie campaign

Answer 4

1969
MK guerrillas including Chris Hani crossed zamabzi and attempted to create a route through Zimbabwe to SA; suffered heavy losses eg one of the detachments being largely destroyed by Rhodesian Gov’t forces
Sipolo also failed but lasted longer

Question 5

Lusaka Manifesto

Answer 5

1969

Adopted by many African states, reiterated antipathy to apartheid but Zambia president demanded MK found new bases

Question 6

Hani Memo

Answer 6

Those that survived the campaign issued memorandum critical of ANC, accused of ‘careerism’ and ‘globe trotting’