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Cult+Cold in Lat Amer > How CIA created a Banana Repubic: Guatemala 1954 > Flashcards

How CIA created a Banana Repubic: Guatemala 1954 Flashcards

1
Q

Guatemalan revolution year?

A

1944-1954

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2
Q

Who was overthrown in 1944?

A

Ubico’s authoritarian regime

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3
Q

Who was democratically elected president of Guatemala in 1944?

A

Juan José Arévalo

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4
Q

Who was Juan José Arévalo’s Minister of Defence?

A

Jacobo Árbenz

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5
Q

Who became president of Guatemala after the 1950 elections?

A

Jacobo Árbenz

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6
Q

Why didn’t Arévalo run in the 1950 elections?

A

25 coup attempts during his presidency

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7
Q

What reforms Arévalo make to help working class Guatemalans?

A

introduced a minimum wage
created state run farms for non-land owners

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8
Q

What did labour unions force Arévalo to do?

A

pass legislation against workplace discrimination
implement health and safety standards

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9
Q

Who was willing to make deeper reforms out of Arévalo and Árbenz?

A

Árbenz

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10
Q

Which party did Árbenz have personal ties to and legalised during his years of power?

A

Communist Party of Guatemala (PGT)

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11
Q

Who introduced the Land Reform and who vehemently refused to?

A

Árbenz
Arévalo

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12
Q

What was the Land Reform bill also known as?

A

decree 900

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13
Q

How did Decree 900 benefit Guatemala?

A

economic boost

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14
Q

Disadvantage of Decree 900?

A

disturbed country’s largest land owner United Fruit Company

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15
Q

How had the previous government’s legislation already upset the UFC?

A

gave workers the right to strike

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16
Q

What did the UFC lose because of Decree 900?

A

majority of its land

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17
Q

Why did the UFC lobby for intervention from Washington after Decree 900?

A

Wanted 60 million from Guatemalan government for land

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18
Q

Who were the UFC’s close ties in Washington?

A

Dulles brothers-US secretary of state, Director of CIA

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19
Q

What misconception did member of US government have about Guatemala? Why?

A

had become a Communist Nation
reforms, social ties

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20
Q

Why did US government become increasingly suspicious of Guatemalan regime?

A

Cold War intensified in early 1950’s

21
Q

What was Operation PBFortune?

A

CIA called for coup d’etat lead by former Guatemalan army officer (Armas) living in exile
assassination, arrest targets

22
Q

How did the CIA send arms to Armas’s forces

A

UFC freighter

23
Q

Was PBFortune completed under Truman?

A

No

24
Q

When was Eisenhower elected president?

A

November 1952

25
Q

What was Eisenhower’s attitude towards communism? How did he show this?

A

actively pushing it back

ordered coups replacing unwanted regimes with ones which were more sympathetic to US interests

26
Q

What did the CIA do in Iran in 1953?

A

coup replaced democratucally elected Prime Minister

27
Q

What was PBSucces? Who was involved?

A

CIA’s new operation under Eisenhower
assassination targets
Armas’s Army of Liberation

28
Q

Why didn’t the CIA cover up the guerilla training operations in Nicaragua and Honduras?

A

to intimidate Árbenz
present downfall of Guatemalan government as inevitable
less resistence

29
Q

Who was John Peurifoy?

A

anti-communist US ambassador to Guatemala sent to assist CIA and guerilla fighters

30
Q

Why US-Guatemala tensions rise in early 1954?

A

Us denounced Guatemalan government because of ‘communist takeover’

31
Q

How did Guatemalan government respond to the US denouncement in early 1954?

A

published leaked documents about PBSuccess
forged some documents

32
Q

How did Guatemala publishing leaked documents about PBSuccess benefit the US?

A

united US against ‘communist state spreading propaganda’

33
Q

What did the US do during the Pan-American conference in Caracas?

A

isolated Guatemala diplomatically
passed a resolution condemning spread of communism in the Americas

34
Q

Why did Guatemala have to turn to the Eastern Bloc for help?

A

discovery of Swedish ship transporting Czechoslovakian-made weapons to Guatemala

35
Q

What did Guatemala turning to the Eastern Bloc for help say to the US?

A

Soviet influence had spread to the Americas in US’s back yard

36
Q

When did Armas’s troops enter Guatemala
What triggered this?

A

18th June 1954
Guatemala turning to the Soviet Union for help

37
Q

How did the CIA wage psychological warfare against the Guatemalan government?

A

pro-America videos shown in neighbouring friendly countries
political leaders received death threats eg. coffins, nooses

38
Q

How did the CIA demoralise Guatemalan citizens and soldiers?

A

Voice of Liberation radio station
rebel planes in sky

39
Q

What did Árbenz fear after the psychological warfare? Why?

A

war with Honduras if fighting between Guatemalan loyalists and rebels took place to close to border

40
Q

When was the Guatemalan beaten by insurgents? By force of arms or something else?

A

25th June 1954
by fear and low morale-army refused to fight

41
Q

What did Árbenz do as a last-ditch effort to defend his country once the army had refused to fight? Was it worthwhile?

A

armed civilian population
no

42
Q

When did Árbenz finally resign?

A

27th June 1954

43
Q

Who was quick to step in after Árbenz fled to Mexico?

A

Colonel Díaz formed a 3-man junta

44
Q

Who overthrew Díaz shortly after he took power?

A

Monzón from 3-man junta

45
Q

How did the revoltion resolve with a 5-man junta? When?

A

Peurifoy intervened, organised negotiations
2nd July 1954

46
Q

Who made up the 5-man junta?
How did this guaruntee Monzón’s presidency?

A

Armas+his subordinate, Monzón+ Monzón’s supporters

47
Q

How did Armas become president of the junta?

A

after Monzón’s supporters resigned for 100k each

48
Q

How did Armas legitimise his power in October 1954?

A

won 99% of vote
recognised by US

Cult+Cold in Lat Amer (2 decks)

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