How are places created through placemaking processes? Flashcards
1
Q
What is the definition of placemaking?
A
Placemaking is a multi-faceted approach to the planning, design and management of public spaces.
It makes places:
- Liveable
- Loveable
- Visitable
- Investable
2
Q
What do planners do to make places?
A
Planners design cities, towns and neighbourhoods. Planning may include developing architectural guidelines for planned neighbourhoods.
3
Q
What do architects do to make place?
A
Architects create individual buildings. A large architectural project’s design may be influenced by a variety of things that are previously thought out on the urban planning level.
Through their design, buildings and spaces such as parks and squares reflect the history and culture of a place. They also influence how our lives are lived.
They can design to please people- valued and well cared for.
However, some buildings become liabilities both to individuals and the wider community- crime, vandalism, high maintenance, costs, poor health and isolation.
4
Q
What is a 24 hour city?
A
- A 24-hour city is a densely populated urban hub where work, commerce, and culture happen around the clock.
- These cities can be found in all types of countries- LIC’s and AC’s.
5
Q
Give examples of how London’s night activity has increased.
A
- Twice as many night bus routes since 1999, passenger numbers have tripled.
- 2006- only 6 McDonalds opened 24 hours, now 50.
- Is helping to dispel that cities at night are dangerous places.
6
Q
Describe some changes that happen in an urban place in a 24 hour period.
A
- The graph shows that levels of activity fluctuate between the different types of services present. From midnight to early morning, there is high levels of activity for bars and nightclub as well as an increased level of activity for cleaning and restocking. This time is when bars and nightclubs peak in their flow of income and larger shops and brands begin to prepare for the next working day. From around 7am to 12pm, restocking and cleaning levels fall as the business has opened and daytime retailing and office activities peak. Most people open shops around this time and people who work nine to five jobs will be present in the office.
7
Q
What are the factors behind the transition to a 24 hour city?
A
- Population change- rising numbers of people in central areas as run-down inner cities are regenerated and transformed. Factories, warehouses and decaying housing are renovated into flats and shops. Young professional people- work, demand for shops and leisure and facilities.
- Planners and architects directly support 24-hour activity through their designs- Public transport runs 24/7- layout of stations and design of trains have passenger safety as a high priority. Removal of restrictions on opening hours for bars and clubs, services (gyms and hairdressers) can be found open late into the night and art exhibitions and theatres open early when popular events are held.
- The rise in international tourism- 24-hour culture- visitors provide demand for food, drink and entertainment into early hours.
- Transport- 24-hour retailing means that deliveries are made at almost any time of the night or day. In some cities, the authorities insist on overnight deliveries so that large delivery vehicles do not add to congestion during rush hour.
8
Q
What is the definition of rebranding?
A
A holistic change to a place which involves regeneration and reimaging.
9
Q
What is the definition of reimaging>
A
- Changing the perception of a place (superficial process).
10
Q
What is the definition of regeneration?
A
- Is a more comprehensive form of rebranding: larger scales, involves building and reimaging (large investment)
11
Q
What are some factors which influence CBD decline?
A
- City centres are perceived as dirty and unsafe, with an ageing environment and poor infrastructure.
- Planning policies can encourage urban expansion and provide developments ‘out of town’.
- Companies find peripheral location cheaper, and nearer affluent customers and staff in the leafy suburbs.
- Congestion means that accessibility of many CBD’s is reduced.
- Investment in city centre has been largely in prestige projects; it has often lacked a coordinated plan.
- The costs of development and upkeep of CBD’s are high (business rates, rents and land costs).
- Progressive suburbanisation leads to urban sprawl; for edge cities, the city centre may be many km’s away.
12
Q
What are some challenges for the countryside?
A
- Lack of transport infrastructure and services may be infrequent and expensive. Car ownership is also expensive
- The rural economy is changing, shifting from production-based towards some service-orientated employment. There has been fragmentation of the local economy creating uncertainties. There are fewer guaranteed jobs.
- Many local services have disappeared, both private and public such as post offices and the village shop. This has a significant impact on the nature, character and image of places.
- Agricultural change has resulted in low wages, mechanisation, cheaper imports and competition and high-profile diseases.
- Pockets of local depopulation are occurring as many communities have lost their younger residents who are forced out by uneven opportunity.
13
Q
What are the rural strategies for rebranding?
A
- There is a shift towards more sustainable agriculture and some farmers are now more reliant on a dwindling supply of government subsidies.
- Rise in car ownership leads to increased personal mobility and the rise of ‘leisure’ shopping.
- There is a lack of affordable housing as the purchase of second homes by affluent urban-based middle-class householders. This form of gentrification inflates prices, excluding low-income would-be buyers.
- Investors and businesses are attracted by peripheral sites which have good access, pleasant environment and often lower costs.
- Farmer organic crops or growing herbs for use in food, cosmetics and drink industries.
- Development in rural energy, eg. local hydroelectric schemes, solar and wind turbine projects.
- Rural industry developments, eg. specialist furniture, jewellery and high-tech services such as web-design.
- On-farm tourism strategies, eg. fishing, riding centres, clay pigeon shooting, accommodation
- Rural heritage and tourism
- Specialist food products with local identity eg. Devon Cream, Melton mowbray pork pies
- Food towns and specialist markets eg. Ludlow
- Off farm diversification, eg. woodland development such as paintballing.
14
Q
Urban strategies of rebranding?
A
- City council, determined to attract new industry/inward investment, offer greenfield sites for development.
- Use of technology-led enterprise to attract new investment and economic opportunities, eg. Telford
- Arts and media projects
- Use of sport, art, culture to attract inward investment and external funding as well as to create new spaces.
- Creation of sustainable cities eg. Curitiba and Leiciester
- Improvements in the quality and range of retailing and the general shopping environment, eg. Birmingham
- Themed events, eg. Christmas markets, specialist food fairs and multi-ethnic festivals (Notting Hill Carnival)
- Improved public transport, eg. trams (Manchester, Sheffield), congestion charging
- Encouraging reurbanisation eg. through the redevelopment of warehouses
- Developing specialist areas, eg. Cultural quarters and flagship attractions; also food cities. Marketing through heritage tourism.
15
Q
What are other strategies for rebranding a place?
A
- Market led: private investors aiming to make a profit- property developers, builders and business owners. Gentrification is typical of this strategy and is a bottom-up approach eg. in Islington, London.
- Top-down: Large scale organisations (local authorities, development agencies and private investors- insurance and pension fund managers).
- Flagship development: Large scale one-off property projects with distinctive architecture. Act as a catalyst to attract further investment and regeneration. eg. The millennium stadium, Cardiff and the Waterfront, Belfast.
- Legacy: following international sporting events which brought investment and regeneration to a place. Eg, Olympics in barcelona and london.
- Events or themes: Acts as a catalyst for cultural development and the transformation of the city. Consequently, the beneficial socio-economic development and impact for the chosen city are now also considered in determining the chosen cities.
- Architecture: Can be used to reinforce a particular heritage look or to promote the place as modern and forward looking. Eg. covent garden area in central london for the re-use of existing buildings. Architecture can alter the way that people use a place and thus change its image.
- Retail: Rebranding can be aided by retail development. The flagship selfridges store has become an icon of the rebranding in central Birmingham.
- Art: Art events contribute both economically and culturally to the image of the place where they are based.
- Sport: major international sporting events can be a catalyst that helps to kick start rebranding.
- Food
