Housing and Segregation

Question 1

Who argued that segregation has been used for the justification of immigration controls because immigrants are seen as a threat and as changing the nature of society and so they need to be limited?

Answer 1

Smith 1993

Question 2

When was The Cantle Report produced and what did it create and challenge?

Answer 2

December 2001, commissioned by David Blanket and created the concept of parallel lives - the idea that people were living together but not coming into contact or having anything in common. this challenged multiculturalism and gave the idea of community cohesion and integration

Question 3

Key points of The Cantle Report were:

Answer 3

• that there was a deep polarisation within communities and if the government didn’t do something about it then more violence would follow.

Question 4

Who argues that segregation is blamed on the failure of minorities, to integrate socially, culturally, and economically?

Answer 4

Phillips 2006

Question 5

What did Bloch 2013 argue?

Answer 5

that there aren’t always opportunities for segregated groups since they are held back by structural processes

Question 6

according to Simpson, Ahmed and Phillips 2008 what are the key barriers to ethnic integration in housing in Oldham and Rochdale?

Answer 6

• Lack of affordable housing in desirable and safe locations
• Racialized views of the housing market/space
• Worries about racism
• Poor condition of predominantly Asian inner-wards making them less appealing to white home-seekers - this is often how racialized of space happens because certain communities then get associated with certain attributes which makes them unappealing to other groups

Question 7

Who argued that perceived concentrated residence patterns of Pakistani Muslims in some areas of Bradford have contributed to tensions over the ‘Asianisation’ of space ?

Answer 7

McCloughlin 2006

Question 8

who found that local authorities sometimes deliberately housed families from ethnic minority communities in groups in particular areas and what does this suggest?

Answer 8

Rutter and Latorre 2009

suggests persisting racist structures

Question 9

Discuss the evidence for greater ethnic mixing

Answer 9

evidence of less segregation and more ethnic mixing. Simpson 2012 found there are growing numbers of bangledeshis in the UK which means bigger clusters of them but this does not mean more segregation. There has actually been greater spreading out of bangledeshi communities.
furthermore, the White British population is the only group that lives in relative isolation from others, on average living in Districts with 85% of White British residents.

Question 10

what did Trevor Phillips argue in 2005?

Answer 10

• that integration means accepting that new people bring change with them and new people must accept they too will have to change
• that we are sleepwalking our way to segregation and becoming strangers to each other, leaving some communities to drift away from the rest of us, evolving their own lifestyles and playing by their own rules. He says this leads to crime, no-go areas and chronic cultural conflict

Question 11

What did Deborah Phillips note in 2010?

Answer 11

that ‘self-segregation’ is overstated and that there is little attention is paid to the self-segregation of members of the host majority. ‘White segregation’ is hardly ever seen as a problem, although it is linked to the segregation of minority ethnic groups. For example, there is a tendency for white people to move out of areas that become more ethnic
and also ethnic mixing does not necessarily lead to more integration.

Question 12

What did Berry 2001 argue about assimilation and integration?

Answer 12

that assimilation often includes losing attachments to the original culture. and that in the case of integration, engagement with other groups goes hand-in-hand with the preservation of some distinctive cultural traits

Question 13

who argued that racial harassment and victimisation by members of the receiving society deter some minority ethnic households from moving out of ethnic neighbourhoods ?

Answer 13

Simpson 2004

Question 14

what did Miyares 1997 argue about the advantages of spatial segregation?

Answer 14

that spatial segregation can have advantages, especially to the integration of new immigrants. Living in a neighbourhood where social and cultural practices are familiar reduces the initial stress of having to operate in a culture that is foreign, and provides a buffer against alienation

Question 15

who argues that unlike other more common forms of segregation (for example, on the basis of class, income, and lifestyle), minority ethnic clustering has attracted considerable attention. and that over the decades, ethnic segregation has been sensationalised by the media, and politicised by both the Right and the Left; for the Right it has provided substance for calls for immigration control, whereas for the Left it has often been used as a symbol of racism and ethnic inequality

Answer 15

Deborah Phillips 2004

Question 16

What did Deborah Phillips 2004 argue about The Cantle Report?

Answer 16

Ted Cantle’s report served to racialize social divisions and tensions in British cities and helped to legitimate concerns about multi-ethnic Britain, ranging from worries about multiculturalism in British schools to asylum and immigration controls. The parallel lives', it was argued, were a product of ethnically segregated living and the desire for self-segregation by British Muslims in particular. it also sees ethnic clustering as a problem and doesn’t acknowledge positive attributes; of inner-city ethnic spaces as vibrant social spaces and as home’

Question 17

what did Amin note about the men in the 2001 riots?

Answer 17

The young men involved in the rioting were readily criminalised and their grievances were given little voice.

Question 18

what did Bonnett 2000 argue about white segregation?

Answer 18

that meanwhile to ethnic segregation the parallel `problem’ of white segregation passes without comment, and the overwhelming whiteness of the suburbs or the outer-city schools in multiracial cities like Bradford tends to go unnoticed. It is simply taken for granted, seen as unproblematic, and thereby incorporated into everyday perceptions of normality.

Question 19

who argued that although it emerged that many British Muslim families value residential clustering, for reasons of culture and tradition, familiarity, and security, the desire for separation from others is not self-evident. ?

Answer 19

Phillips 2004

Question 20

How does Phillips 2004 critique the ideology of community cohesion?

Answer 20

The ideology of community cohesion is grounded in the somewhat simplistic notion that social integration can be promoted by greater residential mixing, which will in turn foster common values and a sense of common identity. However, evidence from Bradford, which points to racialised spaces sustained by fears of rejection, racism, and harassment, suggests that the conditions for this may not yet be in place.

Question 21

What did Phillips 2004 note about the housing agents?

Answer 21

that although agents are aware of the law and are unlikely to express overtly discriminatory comments, interviews with key players in the private market uncovered a worryingly familiar use of racist stereotypes and a distrust of Asian' clients. Many also held racialized views of the housing market, constructing certain areas as Asian’ or `white’.

Question 22

who argued that housing-market institutions have played a major role in producing and sustaining minority ethnic concentrations, through market manipulation?

Answer 22

Ratcliffe 2001

Question 23

who argues the idea of ‘social integration’ incorporates some troubling questions and asks how easily can minority ethnic groups, that have been represented as ‘outsiders’ in dominant political discourses, be integrated into the mainstream society? Muslim minorities have been widely depicted as ‘alien others’.

Answer 23

Isin 2007

Question 24

who says most countries have a planned settlement programme for asylum-seekers, which may extend to those granted status as refugees. These programmes generally present the migrant with few choices about where to settle and are designed to ‘control’ the entry of the newcomers into the receiving country, at both national and local levels.

Answer 24

Deborah Phillips 2010

Question 25

who argues that what emerges more clearly than self-segregation is the importance of structural constraints on some groups’ social and spatial mobility, and the fear of racist harassment. and that while clustering in community spaces, for social and cultural reasons, was found to be important for British Muslims, their segregation was reinforced by the perception that many neighbourhoods in these cities were out of bounds to them.

Answer 25

Phillips 2010

Question 26

what did Ratcliffe 2001 say about housing estates ?

Answer 26

that both Muslims and whites recognised the existence of ‘divided’ social-housing estates and that this racial coding of residential spaces presented a major barrier to social and spatial integration in these places.

Question 27

who argued there has long been a tendency to pathologize the lifestyles and religions of people of South Asian origin in Britain. Media and popular discourses have all too often portrayed these cultures as backward and hostile to mainstream British values

Answer 27

Alexander 2002

Question 28

what did Kapoor 2013 argue?

Answer 28

that racial segregation in Britain might be more accurately captured through analysing levels of material deprivation than looking at self-segregation

Question 29

Who argued that ideas of segregation and integration in the UK are targeting and disciplining Muslims and that this view of segregation is built on Park’s 1926, argument which asserts that the greater the degree of difference between spatial distributions of groups within an urban area, the greater the social distance from each other.

Answer 29

Kalra and Kapoor 2009

Question 30

how does Simpson 2004 dispel the myth of self-segregation?

Answer 30

by showing that both Whites and non-Whites display trends of moving away from areas of high deprivation, towards White areas, and away from non-White areas.

Question 31

What did the Commission on Integration and Cohesion argue in 2007?

Answer 31

that excessive coverage about residential segregation spreads a view that the whole of England is spatially segregated. It overstates and oversimplifies the problem and leaves us ‘sleepwalking into simplicity’

Question 32

how is specific targeting a racialized group not new within the British polity?

Answer 32

Stuart Hall’s 1978 describes the way in which mugging was used by the British press to create a moral panic about African- Caribbean young people in the 1970s. Just as mugging came to be seen as a black crime, ‘terrorism’ has become associated with Muslims - Kundnani 2007

Question 33

what is Dorling 2006’s argument?

Answer 33

that the focus on ethnic segregation is a way of diverting attention from class segregation. both poor and wealthy households have become increasingly spatially segregated over the past 40 years. yet the parallel lives that are lived between the White working class and White middle class have almost no mention in public policy discourse on segregation. Increasingly universities are populated by young people who find it relatively easy to settle into the cosmopolitan culture of ethnic difference, but who are fearful of the local ‘townies’ and ‘chavs’, and scornful of young single mothers claiming state benefits. 
So is it not ethnic segregation that is the problem but class segregation?

Question 34

what do Kalra and Kapoor 2009 comment on assimilation?

Answer 34

that while assimilation was aimed at eradicating inequalities and ‘dissipating subordinate status’, it aimed to do so on dominative normative terms.
furthermore, the idea that minorities were inevitably going to adapt to the host society, was an obvious limitation and eradicating minority cultures implies they are inferior

Question 35

what do Kalra and Kapoor 2009 note about the 2001 disturbances ?

Answer 35

that some commenters saw the 2001 civil disturbances in Britain’s northern towns indicated an assimilation into British ‘yob culture’, rather than a result of self-segregation and Muslim values.

Question 36

what do Kalra and Kapoor 2009 ask about how newcomers could integrate into society?

Answer 36

How can newcomers integrate into a society that doesn’t accept them and provides structural blockages to stop them succeeding in society? Ethnic identity ‘places a ceiling upon the extent to which they can rise’

Question 37

what does Deborah Phillips 2006 say about Leeds?

Answer 37

that although we can refer to Leeds as a multi-ethnic, multicultural city, the everyday experience for many white British people living in Leeds is not particularly cosmopolitan. Minority ethnic groups tend to be clustered in particular areas of the city and, as the diversity indices have shown, the majority of Leeds’ community areas have a low level of ethnic mixing.

Question 38

who argued that myths about one ethnic group not wanting to mix with another surfaced in both Asian and white focus groups. Some Asians suggested that ethnic mixing in Oldham and Rochdale was inhibited by whites not wanting to interact with them, and vice versa.

Answer 38

Simpson Ahmed and Phillips 2007

Question 39

What did Simpson Ahmed and Phillips 2007 argue about policy and regeneration?

Answer 39

that it needs to recognise the value and continuing importance of the established ethnic community areas for both older people, who do not necessarily wish to move from there, and for younger people, who expect to maintain connections with the community base when moving outwards. Physical, environmental and social regeneration can: alleviate the disadvantage associated with living in these older neighbourhoods, attract new residents (including white families) and retain more affluent households in these inner areas.

Question 40

what did Simpson, Ahmed and phillips 2007 argue about young asian people finding a home?

Answer 40

that many young Asian people expressed a willingness to consider moving beyond the traditional settlement neighbourhoods, but also stressed the importance of safety and good access to the established community areas when choosing their home

Question 41

What did Moore 1967 argue about choice?

Answer 41

that to use the word ‘choice’ in the context of housing decisions made by minorities was highly misleading. Based on research in Birmingham he concluded that the dominant factors influencing housing outcomes were racism and ‘racial’ discrimination.

Question 42

What does Phillips 2007 argue about the dispersal of Muslim communities?

Answer 42

That geographical analysis indicates that while established Muslim communities are still growing, largely because of natural increase and new household formation among a youthful population, there are also signs of dispersal into higher status neighbourhoods, particularly by professionals

Question 43

who argues that the continuing racialization of space continues to circumscribe opportunities and mobility for many, limiting their rights of access to, and use of, certain areas of the city.

Answer 43

Karn 1997