Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Policy > Hourly 2 > Flashcards

Hourly 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Excess

A

too much care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define Deprivation

A

too little care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do point of view, fundamental values, cultural perspective, code of ethical conduct affect assertions in texts or articles?

A
  • different perspective
  • having different point of view of authors
  • clinical point of view
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does this mean from your text?
“ . . .bridge the gap separating the micro crowd of the individual patient visits and the macro universe of health policy.”

A
  • How to put the two systems of universal approach affects individual
  • What happens during patient visits, patient interaction
  • figuring out what is the policy being used during medical visits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 4 categories of ETHICAL principles for allocations of scarce medical intervention.

A
  • treating people equally
  • favoring the worst-off
  • maximizing total benefits
  • promoting and rewarding social usefulness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 2 branches of treating people equally?

A
  • lottery

- first come first served

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 2 branches of favoring the worst off?

A
  • sickest first

- youngest first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 2 branches of maximizing total benefits?

A
  • number of lives saved

- prognosis or life-years saved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 2 branches of promoting and rewarding social usefulness?

A
  • instrumental value

- reciprocity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are 4 ways to ASSESS allocation systems?

A
  1. UNOS points systems (united network for organ sharing)
  2. QALY allocation (quality adjusted life years)
  3. DALY allocation (disability adjusted life years)
  4. Complete lives system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do economic systems have on policy?

A

economic incentive for primary care physicians-schedule as many patient visits as possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do framing and behavioral economics have on policy?

A

behavior of physicians towards patients (vice versa)

  • are patients comfortable?
  • do patients have personal relationship with the doctor?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the “wisdom of crowds” video?

A

more wisdom than group of efforts do not necessarily mean it’s a collective wisdom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is the “unknown” such a predominant issue in health policy?

A
  • you can have all the policy given to you but people do not know what to do with it (if they are going to follow or not)
  • Different diseases can happen (shift)
  • people do not know how to predict for the unpredictable or what will happen next
  • problem with people not planning at all for health emergencies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What did we learn from the hip surgery articles?

A
  • medical care in the US is expensive compared to other countries
  • middleman is marking a lot of the solution
  • there is a lot of extra care given to those that is not necessary and needed
  • health care coverage is cheaper overseas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How did the cheesecake factory model help our understanding of problems in the system and how is it not a model?

A
  • there are different people who is in charge within the program
  • there is different sectors in the program where things are all handled differently from each other
  • money is sometimes unfairly regulated in the system
  • not everyone will receive the same health care benefits (poor vs rich) (excess vs deprivation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is policy?

A
  • something people go by
  • policies that get created overnight
  • policies that have taken up to 15 years to develop (human research)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some of the differences in the policies we have reviewed this semester?

A
  • some are specific
  • some are self serving
  • some are slim and not enough
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How would you develop a policy?

A

policy elements (what they are saying, who they were doing it for, what reason is it for)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do we pay for health care? What do we pay for ? How did the system evolve

A
  • consider jobs
  • consider living environment
  • consider education level
  • consider language barriers
  • we pay for daily life necessities
  • we pay for medications and prescriptions
  • we pay for household necessities
  • we pay for wants and other needs
  • the system evolved (must find answer)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the elements of family budget?

A
  • how to balance per say if someone gets sick where would you get the money to pay for it
  • consider having personal saving just for health care
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 4 modes of payment healthcare?

A
  1. out-of-pocket payment
  2. individual private insurance
  3. employment-based group private insurance
  4. government financing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is healthcare not a typical consumer item?

A
  • not everyone has access to it
  • not everyone could afford it
  • not everyone knows about it (its functions and regulations)
24
Q

What are the principal sources of coverage?

A

same thing as mode:

  1. out-of-pocket payment
  2. individual private insurance
  3. employment-based group private insurance
  4. government financing
25
Q

What are the 2 classifications of payment?

A
  1. progressive (increasing percentage of income)

2. regressive (decreasing percentage of income)

26
Q

What is asymmetry between providers and consumers?

A
  • providers often do not know much about the patient’s case, they “check” the patients up and sometimes misdiagnose them
  • consumers do not know some medical terms providers tell them
  • consumers pay the providers to give them proper care but sometimes that proper care is not given
  • some health care policies let consumers choose their own doctors but some do not
27
Q

What is a mean?

A

average of the numbers

28
Q

What is median?

A

middle number of a group

29
Q

What is mode?

A

the number repeated the most

30
Q

Trace how we got from out-of-pocket or bartering for care to today’s complex system

A
  • history evolving
  • change in income
  • change in economy
31
Q

What is experience rating?

A
  • less distributive than community rating

- changing the dynamic of the whole health insurance

32
Q

What is community rating?

A

achieves the redistribution with each group of people and among groups of people

33
Q

Explain the impact of being uninsured on the system.

A
  • cannot pay for those who may be in greater need in a group
  • may be above the poverty line and not able to get care at all
  • lack of system benefits
34
Q

Explain the impact of being uninsured in the individual level.

A
  • cost
  • bills
  • stress
  • scared of going to see a doctor due to the bills might lead to further complication of health
35
Q

How do we pay for anything requiring service?

A

usually through insurance if not out of pocket

36
Q

What are the 6 ways to pay for health care providers?

A
  1. Fee of service- fee per visit, which can be for ECG, or any service provided
  2. Payment per diem- payment per day
  3. Resource based relative value scale (RBRVS
  4. Payment per episode of illness
  5. Capitation
  6. Payment per time- salary
37
Q

What are the 5 units of payment for medical professionals, materials and hospitals?

A
  1. payment per procedure- fee of service
  2. payment per day- per diem
  3. payment per episode- per diagnosis-related groups
  4. payment per patient- capitation
  5. payment per institution- global budget
38
Q

What is the use of the ICD-9 or ICD-10?

A

used for diagnosis of a disease and billing purposes

ex.) migraine can be a broad category and it can be categorized into various codes and billed according to those codes

39
Q

Why is Readmission rate a factor that we need to study?

A
  • because it adds up more cost and burden

- the ICD is the classification used to code and classify mortality data from death certificates

40
Q

In each payment system, you will identify what?

A
  • who was the financial risk?
  • who controls the cost?
  • who controls the service?
  • how is care evaluated?
  • what services does the patient get and how and why?
41
Q

What are non-financial barriers to health care?

A
  • age
  • race
  • ethnicity
  • level of education
  • location of housing
42
Q

What is underinsurance?

A

coverage that has LIMITATIONS that restrict access to needed services

ex) no access to orthodontic care because it’s a specialty

43
Q

What is over insurance?

A

more coverage than needed so you start to look for ways to use it

ex.) you keep calling 911 just for a headache

44
Q

How were the experiences in Brazil different from the US?

A
  • more individual payment for informal sector
  • there are free public health clinics
  • the waits are long but people are treated for what they need
  • involvement of government in getting the prescriptions free
  • more intimate doctor-patient relations (may be due to culture)
45
Q

How were the experiences in Bhutan different from the US?

A

-accept cash for every service
- hospitals are not organized
cannot allocate or treat people according to their needs
- no quarantine for serious and contagious diseases

46
Q

How has the Ebola epidemic in Africa been approached in the US? What are ethical considerations?

A
  • US has NOT taken Ebola seriously they only took it seriously when an American got sick then die from it
  • lack of ethical considerations because it seems that diseases are only worth curing if only Americans get sick
47
Q

What do you think about the article, “Dying at 75”?

A
  • that people have lived their full life potential for 75 years
  • it’s okay to die at 75 because beyond that there is a loss os creativity, loss of memory and no enjoyment
  • author believes that there should be more research in finding cure for diseases instead of just having a treatment because he believes that the treatment is only prolonging the agony of those who have a disease
  • author agrees with euthanasia but wouldn’t want to use it to himself so his theory is a bit contradicting
48
Q

What is the “social contract” with physicians?

A
  • physicians have autonomy
  • responsibility for acting as the patient’s agent
  • to develop and preserve public trust
49
Q

What are the major organizing systems for medical care?

A
  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
50
Q

What is primary care?

A
  • prevention of disease before it occurs

- gatekeeping

51
Q

What is secondary care?

A

getting yearly check-ups, screenings

52
Q

What is tertiary care?

A

prolonging someone’s life before they die

53
Q

What is the traditional structure of medical care?

A
  • physicians and hospitals
  • community health centers
  • nursing homes for the elderly
  • day care for peds
54
Q

What is vertical structure?

A
  • physicians are paid with SALARIES and hospitals paid with GLOBAL BUDGET
  • vertical consists from primary to tertiary care
    (think of a ladder!)
55
Q

What is virtual strucure

A
  • a NETWORK from a managed care-string of contractual relationships rather than ownership
  • a NETWORK of independent firms JOINED together to produce a service or product
  • LINK between HMO and physician groups,, hospitals and other provider units

(think of a web!)

Policy (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions