Host to Host Communications Model

Question 1

Every protocol communicates with its ___________. A _________ is an implementation of the same protocol in the equivalent layer on a remote computer. ________ - level communications are standardized to ensure that successful communication takes place.

Answer 1

Peer

Question 2

In computer networks, the sources of messages are end devices, also called ___________ or hosts. The messages are created at the source, transferred over the network, and delivered to the destination. For communication to be successful, the message has to traverse one or more networks.

Answer 2

Endpoints

Question 3

Each layer has a particular role. In performing its functions, a layer deals with the layer above it and the layer below it, which is called “____________” communication. A layer at the source creates data that is intended for the same layer on the destination device. The communication or two corresponding layers is also termed “____________”.

Answer 3

Vertical
Horizontal

Question 4

What are the naming conventions for PDUs?

Answer 4

Although there is no universal naming conventions for PDUs, they are typically named as follows.
-Data: general term for the PDU that is used in the application layer.
-Segment: transport layer PDU
-Packet: internet layer PDU
-Frame: link layer PDU

Question 5

The conversion process is known as ____________ and ___________ of data. Both processes proved a means for implementation of the concept of horizontal communication where the layer on the transmitting side is communicating with the corresponding layer on the receiving side.

Answer 5

Encapsulation and De-encapsulation

Question 6

The TCP/IP link layer corresponds to the OSI physical and data link layers and is concerned primarily with interfacing with ____________ hardware and accessing the ___________ media. Like layer two of the OSI Model, the link layer of the TCP/IP model is concerned with hardware access.

Answer 6

Network
Transmission

Question 7

The TCP/IP internet layer aligns with the network layer of the OSI Model and manages the ____________ of and ___________ between network devices.

Answer 7

Addressing
Routing

Question 8

The TCP/IP transport layer, like the OSI transport layer, provides the means for multiple host applications to access the network layer in a ____________ mode or through a __________ mode.

Answer 8

Best Effort Mode
Reliable Delivery Mode

Question 9

The TCP/IP application layer supports applications that communicate with the lower layers of the TCP/IP model and corresponds to the separate ___________, ___________, and___________ layers of the OSI model.

Answer 9

Application, presentation, and Session Layers