Host Parasite Interaction Terms

Question 1

Mucous Membrane

Answer 1

• Major portal of entry for pathogens
• Membranes that line the body cavities open to the outside world (eg. respiratory, GI, conjunctiva of eye)

Question 2

Placenta

Answer 2

• A route of entry for pathogens
• It is an organ shared between a mother and developing embryo, through which the embryo obtains nutrients from the mother

Question 3

Parenteral Route

Answer 3

• Not a direct portal of entry, but instead a means of bypassing normal portals of entry

Question 4

Sebaceous Glands

Answer 4

• Secrete sebum, an oily substance that not only helps keep the skin pliable and less sensitive to breaking or tearing but also contains fatty acids that lower the pH of the skin’s surface to about pH 5, which is inhibitory to many bacteria.

Question 5

Manifestations of Infectious Disease

Question 6

Symptoms

Answer 6

• subjective characteristics of a disease that can be felt by the patient alone

Question 7

Signs

Answer 7

• objective manifestations of disease that can be observed or measured by others

Question 8

Syndrome

Answer 8

• a group of symptoms and signs that collectively characterizes a particular disease or abnormal condition

Question 9

Asymptomatic/Subclinical

Answer 9

Characteristic of disease that may go unnoticed because of absence of symptoms, even though clinical tests may reveal signs of disease.

Question 10

Etiology

Answer 10

The study of the causation of a disease

Question 11

Epidemiology

Answer 11

Study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans

Question 12

Exotoxin

Answer 12

Toxin secreted by a pathogenic microorganism into its environment

Question 13

Endotoxin

Answer 13

Potentially fatal toxin released from the cell wall of dead and dying Gram - negative bacteria.

Question 14

Incubation Period

Answer 14

Stage in infectious disease process between infection and occurrence of the first symptoms or signs of disease. In a laboratory culture, the period between adding a sample to a plate and the development of colonies

Question 15

Convalescence

Answer 15

In the infectious disease process, final stage during which the patient recovers from the illness, and tissues and systems are repaired and return to normal

Question 16

Reservoir of Infection

Answer 16

Living or nonliving continuous source of infectious disease

Question 17

Prodromal Period

Answer 17

In the infectious disease process, the short stage of generalized, mild symptoms that precedes illness

Question 18

Nosocomial Disease

Answer 18

A disease acquired in a health care facility

Question 19

Sporadic

Answer 19

In epidemiology, a disease that occurs in only a few scattered cases within a given area or population during a given period of time

Question 20

Epidemic

Answer 20

In epidemiology, a disease that occurs at a greater than normal frequency for a given area or population.

Question 21

Endemic

Answer 21

In epidemiology, a disease that occurs at a relatively stable frequency within a given area or population.

Question 22

Pandemic

Answer 22

In epidemiology, the occurrence of an epidemic on more than one continent simultaneously.

Question 23

Exogenous Antigen

Answer 23

Antigen produced by microorganisms that multiply outside the cells of the body.

Question 24

Endogenous Antigen

Answer 24

Antigen produced by microbes that multiply inside the cells of the body.

Question 25

Epitope

Answer 25

The three-dimensional shape of a region of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system.

Question 26

Antigen

Answer 26

Molecule that triggers a specific immune response.

Question 27

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 27

Resistance against pathogens that acts more effectively upon subsequent infections with the same pathogen.

Question 28

Antibody/Immunoglobulin

Answer 28

Proteinaceous antigen-binding molecule secreted by plasma cells.

Question 29

Autoantigen

Answer 29

Antigens on the surface of normal body cells.

Question 30

B Lymphocyte

Answer 30

Lymphocyte that arises and matures in the red bone marrow in adults and is found primarily in the spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, and Peyer’s patches of the intestines and which secretes antibodies

Question 31

Plasma Cells

Answer 31

B cells that are actively fighting against exogenous antigens and secreting antibodies.

Question 32

T Lymphocyte

Answer 32

Lymphocyte that matures in the thymus and acts directly against endogenous antigens in cell-mediated immune responses.

Question 33

Humoral Immune Response

Answer 33

The antibody immune response used by B cells to fight exogenous antigens.

Question 34

Clonal Selection

Answer 34

In humoral immunity, recognition and activation only of B lymphocytes with BCRs complementary to a specific antigenic determinant.

Question 35

Dendritic Cells

Answer 35

Cells of the epidermis and mucous membranes that devour pathogens.

Question 36

Cell-mediated Immune Response

Answer 36

Immune response used by T cells to fight intracellular pathogens and abnormal body cells

Question 37

Innate Immunity

Answer 37

Resistance to pathogens conferred by barriers, chemicals, cells, and processes that remain unchanged upon subsequent infections with the same pathogens.

Question 38

Prevalence

Answer 38

In epidemiology, the total number of cases of a disease in a given area or population during a given period of time.

Question 39

Incidence

Answer 39

In epidemiology, the number of new cases of a disease in a given area or population during a given period of time.

Question 40

Iatrogenic Infection

Answer 40

A subset of nosocomial infections that are the direct result of a medical procedure or treatment, such as surgery.

Question 41

Phagocytosis

Answer 41

Type of endocytosis in which solids are moved into the cell.

Question 42

Antigen Presentation

Answer 42

A process in the body’s immune system by which macrophages, dendritic cells and other cell types capture antigens and then enable their recognition by T-cells

Question 43

Occurence

Answer 43

The distribution, both geographical and demographical, of diseases

Question 44

Zoonoses

Answer 44

Diseases that are naturally spread from usual animal host to humans.

Question 45

Ligand

Answer 45

Any substance (e.g. hormone, drug, functional group, etc.) that binds specifically and reversibly to another chemical entity to form a larger complex.

Question 46

Receptor

Answer 46

A molecular structure within a cell or on the surface characterised by selective binding of a specific substance and a specific physiologic effect that accompanies the binding

Question 47

Contact Transmission

Answer 47

The spread of pathogens from one host to another by direct contact, indirect contact, or respiratory droplets

Question 48

Vehicle Transmission

Answer 48

Spread of pathogens via air, drinking water, and food, as well as bodily fluids being handled outside the body.

Question 49

Vector Transmission

Answer 49

An animal (typically an arthropod) that transmits disease from one host to another.

Question 50

Extracellular Enzyme

Answer 50

an enzyme that is secreted by a cell and functions outside of that cell (aka exoenzyme)

Question 51

Vascular Permeability

Answer 51

Often in the form of capillary permeability, characterizes the capacity of a blood vessel wall to allow for the flow of small molecules (ions, water, nutrients) or even whole cells (lymphocytes on their way to the site of inflammation) in and out of the vessel

Question 52

Inflammation

Answer 52

Complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, resulting a part of your body becomes red, swollen, and painfu

Question 53

Exogenous

Answer 53

Developed or originating outside the organism

Question 54

Endogenous

Answer 54

Developing or originating within the organisms or arising from causes within the organism.