Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RB Y2 CLASP - Sepsis > Host Microbe Interactions > Flashcards

Host Microbe Interactions Flashcards

1
Q

skin: as a physical barrier

A

tightly packed highly keratinised cells

constant renewal and replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

skin: physiological barriers

A

low pH of 5.5

low oxygen tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

skin: sebaceous glands as barriers

A

secrete hydrophobic oils

lysozyme that destroys the structural integrity of bacterial cell walls

ammonia has anti bacterial properties

anti-microbial peptides eg defensins secreted by keratinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the physical defences in the mucosa of the resp/GI tract

A

antimicrobial substances eg lysozyme

secretory IgA

gastric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what bug do mast cells target

A

worms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how can fungal infections impair the skin barrier

A

eg tinea pedis

cause cracking of teh skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what cells are phagocytes

A
  • neutrophils and macrophages
  • they are capable of engulfing bacteria and killing via oxygen in/dependent mechanisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what bug do phagocytes target

A

bacteria and fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are macrophages derived from

A

monocytes that have matured in the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which bugs do T lymphocytes protect against

A

viruses, fungi and protozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

helper CD4+ T cells

A

activate phagocytes to kill microbes

  • TH1 activate macrophaes to destroy micro organisms
  • TH2 activate B cells to rpoduce plasma cells which produce antibodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

effector cytokines of Th1 cells

A

IF gamma and IL 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

effector cytokines of TH2 cells

A

IL 4-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

HIV infection

A
  • infects CD4+ T cells producing a progressive decline in their numbers
  • this results in a deficinecy in cell mediated immunity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which disease is there a particularly high risk of in HIV, and how does CD4 count influence this

A
  • invasive pneumococcal disease (S. Pneumoniae)
  • irrespective of CD4
  • eg bacteraemia, meningitidis, empyema etc
17
Q

when is the pneumonoccal vaccine received: UK VACCINATION SCHEDULE

A
  • 2 months
  • 4 months
  • withia a year of 1st birthday
  • 65y
18
Q

discuss the diseases that one is susceptible to with HIV, influenced by their CD4 count

A
  • CD4 <350: TB, candidiasis
  • CD4 <200: Pneumocystic jirovecii, Toxoplasma gondii
  • CD4 <100: CMV
19
Q

name 3 herpesviruses

A

CMV, HIV, EBV

20
Q

what are the classical characteristics of herpesviruses

A

cause recurring, latent infections

21
Q

CMV

A
  • clinically very similar to glandular fever
  • causes atypical pneumonia, granulomatous chorioretinitis
22
Q

which viruses have a risk of feotal damage and congenital infection

A

toxoplasmosis and CMV

23
Q

toxoplasmosis

A
  • Protozoan parasite of cats that is transmitted to humans through undercooked meat or contact with cat litter
24
Q

toxoplasmosis infection clinically

A

similar to glandular fever

can cause granulomatous chorioretinits, and can be sight threatening if it affects the macula

25
Q

causes of hyposplenism

A
  • splenectomy
  • functional
    • sickle cell disease
    • cirrhosis
    • coeliac
26
Q

what is one particuarly susceptible to if they have hyposplenism

A

invasive infection from encapsulated organisms

  • Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
  • Haemophilus influenzae type B (HiB)
  • Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus)

risk can be reduced by vaccination, preferably before splenectomy etc

27
Q
A
28
Q

why are elderly people more prone to infection

A
  • They are less able to distinguish self from non-self, and so are at a greater risk of autoimmune disease
  • Phagocytes destroy bacteria and antigens more slowly
  • T cells respond more slowly
  • Less antibody is produced, and it binds to antigen less well
  • Less complement is produced
29
Q

what is the aim of immune suppression

A
  • create a blunt immune response
  • reduce damage done due to immune system as a result of autoimmunity
  • to prevent transplant rejection
30
Q

how does infection present in IC people

A

differently

  • absence of fever
  • lack of inflammatory response
  • non specific, non localising features
31
Q

immunosuppression: what can steroids cause in particular

A

fungal infections

32
Q

immunosuppression: anti-TNF alpha therapies

A

can reactivate latent TB

fungal infections - particularly Aspergillus

33
Q

immunosuppression: what can purine analogues cause

A

viral infections (HSV and VZV in particular)

pneumocystis jirovecii

34
Q

what is used as prophylaxis in HIV

A

co-trimoxazole

35
Q

what is used as prophlaxis in a bone marrow transplant

A

antifungal agent - itraconazole

RB Y2 CLASP - Sepsis (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions