Hospital Acquired Infection

Question 1

HAI

Answer 1

An infection patients get while receiving treatment for medical or surgical conditions which can be prevented

Question 2

Central line associated blood stream infections

Answer 2

A serious HAI that occurs when germs eg bacteria enter the blood through central line

Question 3

MRSA

Answer 3

A type of bacteria resistant to many commonly used antibiotics that causes life threatening bloodstream infections,pneumonia and surgical site Infections

Question 4

5 commmon types of HAI

Answer 4

Catheter associated HAI
Surgical site infections
Bloodstream infection
Pneumonia
Clostridium difficile

Question 5

Transmission

Answer 5

Transmission occurs when the agent leaves its RESERVOIR or host through a PORTAL OF EXIT and
is conveyed by some MODE OF TRANSMISSION and enters through an appropriate PORTAL OF
ENTRY to infect a SUSCEPTIBLE HOST. This is known as the CHAIN OF INFECTION.

Question 6

Indirect transmission

Answer 6

Transfer of an infectious agent from a reservoir to host by
Suspended air particles
Inanimate objects
Vectors

Question 7

Portal of entry

Answer 7

Open wounds
Catheters
Cannulas
Vomit
Diarrhea

Question 8

Controlling measures

Answer 8

Antibiotic
Bed nets
Masks
Long pants
Vaccination
Prophylactic use of antimalarial drugs

Question 9

5 moments of hand hygiene

Answer 9

Before touching a patient
Before a clean procedure
After bodily fluid exposure
After touching a patient
After touching a patients surroundings

Question 10

Gram positive bacteria

Answer 10

Stain purple

Question 11

Gram positive bacteria

Answer 11

Stain purple
Thick layer of peptidoglycan
Single membrane

Question 12

Gram negative

Answer 12

Stain red or pink
Thin layer of peptidoglycan
Double layer

Question 13

Infection test results

Answer 13

High c reactive protein
High wbc

Question 14

Septic shocked

Answer 14

Hypotension
Tachycardia
Tachypnoea (increased respiratory rate)

Question 15

Altered target site

Answer 15

Acquired aquisitiom of alternative gene which alters structural conformation of protein
Eg MRSA encodes an alternative penicillin binding protein,this has a lower affinity for b lactams
Strep pneumonia resistance occurs via erm gene which methylates antibiotic target site

Question 16

Inactivation of antibiotic

Answer 16

Enzyme degradation
Eg beta lactamase and chloramphenicol acetyl transferase

Question 17

Altered metabolism

Answer 17

Increased production of enzyme substrate can out compete antibiotic inhibitor
Bacteria may switch to other metabolic pathways

Question 18

Decreases drug accumulation

Answer 18

Reduced penetration of antibiotic or increased efflux

Question 19

B lactam mechanism

Answer 19

B lactam antibiotics contain a beta lactam ring and works by inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis
Interferes with synthesis of peptidoglycan by mimicking components of cell wall
Enzymes in bacteria mistaken b lactam antibiotic for cell wall precursor and bind it so B lactam bind to active site and deactivate it stopping growth

Question 20

B lactamases

Answer 20

Enzymes produced by bacteria to provide resistance to B lactam antibiotics

Question 21

Co amoxiclav

Answer 21

Contains amoxicillin and clavulanic acid
Amoxicillin is a b lactam antibiotic
Clavulanic acid is a b lactamase inhibitor so prevents breakdown of amoxicillin
Clavulanic acid binds to beta lactamases so amoxicillin can bind to serine on d alanyl d amine transpeptidase and prevent peptidoglycan cross link formation

Question 22

Sources of antibiotic resistance genes

Answer 22

Plasmids-extra chromosomal dna carry multiple resistant genes ,selection for one maintains resistance for all
Transposons-molecular shuttles that integrate plasmids into chromosomal dna allowing transfer of genes from plasmid to chromosome
Naked dna-dna from dead bacteria released into environment so bacteria in close proximity can incorporate into own dna
Bacteriophages-viruses that attack bacteria and can carry dna from germ to germ

Question 23

Transduction conjugation and transformation

Answer 23

Transformation is uptake of Extracellular dna

Transduction is phage mediated dna transfer

Conjugation is pilus mediated dna transfer