HOSA 2025 SLC__Advanced Pharmacy Flashcards
1
Q
What is an automatic dispensing system?
A
A drug dispensing system that is computer or robot based.
2
Q
What is a blended dose system?
A
A drug distribution system that combines a unit-of-use medication package with a non-unit-dose drug distribution system.
3
Q
What is a central fill pharmacy?
A
A high-volume pharmacy that fills prescriptions for a number of individual pharmacies.
4
Q
What is a drug distribution system?
A
A safe and economical way of distributing a drug.
5
Q
What is enteral nutrition?
A
Feedings given through a tube passed directly into the stomach or intestine.
6
Q
What is home health care pharmacy?
A
The practice of pharmacy that provides medications, home health care products and services, and pharmaceutical care to patients at home.
7
Q
What is hospice?
A
Originally a facility, usually within a hospital, intended to care for the terminally ill, currently also provided in home settings.
8
Q
What is an Internet pharmacy?
A
An established commercial website that enables a patient to obtain medications by way of the Internet.
9
Q
What is long-term care?
A
A range of health and health-related support services provided over an extended period of time.
10
Q
What is a long-term care pharmacy organization?
A
An organization involving a licensed professional pharmacy that provides medications and clinical services to long-term care facilities and their residents.
11
Q
What is a mail-order pharmacy?
A
A licensed pharmacy that uses the mail or other carriers to deliver prescriptions to patients.
12
Q
What is a modified unit-dose system?
A
A drug distribution system that combines unit-dose medications blister packaged onto a multiple dose card.
13
Q
What is a modular cassette?
A
These cassettes contain either one-week or two-week medication strips that also contain reserve doses in a narrow plastic slide-tray design.
14
Q
What is a multiple medication package?
A
A medication package in which all medications for a specific medication time are packaged together.
15
Q
What is a nuclear pharmacy?
A
A pharmacy that is specially licensed to work with radioactive materials.
16
Q
What is parenteral nutrition?
A
A combination of amino acids, dextrose, fats, vitamins, minerals, electrolytes, and water administered intravenously.
17
Q
What is a radiopharmaceutical?
A
A drug that is or has been made to be radioactive.
18
Q
What is a reagent kit?
A
Vials containing particular compounds, usually in freeze-dried form used in nuclear pharmacy.
19
Q
What is a specialty mail-order pharmacy?
A
A mail-order pharmacy that concentrates on specific areas of the prescription drug market.
20
Q
What is a starter kit?
A
A group of medications provided to a hospice patient by the hospice pharmacy to provide a ‘start’ in treatment for most urgent problems.
21
Q
What is total parenteral nutrition (TPN)?
A
An intravenous feeding that supplies all the nutrients necessary for life.
22
Q
What is a unit-dose system?
A
A drug distribution system that provides medication in its final unit of use form.
23
Q
Who are pharmacy technicians?
A
Individuals trained to perform drug preparation and distribution tasks under the supervision of a pharmacist.
24
Q
What is long-term care?
A
A range of health and health-related support services aimed at assisting individuals with chronic conditions and promoting functional independence.
25
What are long-term care facilities?
Institutions providing long-term care, including nursing homes and alternative-care sites.
26
What are nursing homes?
Common types of long-term care facilities that include skilled-nursing facilities and intermediate-care facilities.
27
What is functional independence?
The ability of a person to maintain the highest possible level of self-sufficiency in daily activities.
28
What is a consultant pharmacist?
A pharmacist who supervises comprehensive pharmaceutical services and ensures proper medication management in long-term care.
29
What is a distributive pharmacist?
A pharmacist responsible for ensuring that patients receive the correct medications ordered, primarily outside the long-term care facility.
30
What are high-technology pharmacy services?
Pharmacy services that cater to patients requiring advanced medical treatments and medications in long-term care settings.
31
What are medication errors?
Mistakes in prescribing, dispensing, or administering medications that can lead to adverse effects on patients.
32
What are adverse drug reactions?
Harmful or unintended responses to medications that patients may experience.
33
What are mortality rates?
The frequency of deaths in a given population, often used as a measure of health outcomes in long-term care.
34
What are chronic disease conditions?
Long-lasting health issues that require ongoing management and support, often seen in long-term care patients.
35
What are consultant pharmacist services?
Pharmaceutical services provided by a consultant pharmacist that have been shown to reduce medication costs and improve patient outcomes.
36
What is board and care?
Alternative-care sites that provide long-term care services in a more home-like environment.
37
What is length of hospitalization?
The duration of a patient's stay in a hospital, which can be affected by effective medication management.
38
What are social and emotional problems?
Issues that may arise in patients with chronic conditions, affecting their overall well-being and requiring specialized management.
39
What is pharmacy services availability?
The requirement that pharmacy services must be accessible 24 hours a day in long-term care facilities.
40
What are patient medications?
Medications prescribed to patients in long-term care facilities, often managed by contracted pharmacy services.
41
What are advances in medical sciences?
Improvements in healthcare technology and practices that have contributed to increased life expectancy and changes in healthcare needs.
42
What is trauma recovery?
The process of healing and rehabilitation following a significant physical injury, often requiring long-term care.
43
What are aging-related changes?
Physical and mental changes that occur as individuals grow older, impacting their health and care needs.
44
What is the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (OBRA '90)?
Standards that require the pharmacist to assume greater responsibility and participation in long-term facility care.
45
What is a drug distribution system?
The container or other type of packaging that holds a drug while it is transferred from a pharmacy to a patient.
46
What is a single-unit package?
In the unit-dose system, a single-unit package of a medication is dispensed just before it is needed by a patient.
47
What is thermal paper/foil laminate?
The side of the unit-dose package that features medication information printed upon it.
48
What is automated machinery?
Machines designed specifically to drop medication into an open package, seal the package, and print medication information onto the package.
49
What is a modified unit-dose system?
Features unit-doses that are 'blister' packaged on a multiple-dose card instead of being packaged individually.
50
What are blister cards?
Cards that can hold between 30 and 90 blisters, each containing a single medication in a modified unit-dose system.
51
What are punch cards?
Another name for blister cards used in a modified unit-dose system.
52
What is medication information?
Information printed on the thermal paper/foil laminate side of the unit-dose package that describes the contained medication.
53
What is a medication cart?
A cart where packaged medications are placed by the pharmacy technician and then delivered to the patient care floor.
54
What are light and moisture resistance standards?
Requirements that drug distribution containers must meet according to the USP/NF to help reduce medication errors.
55
What are patient care committees?
Committees in which pharmacists participate as part of their responsibilities in long-term facility care.
56
What is cost containment?
An aspect of pharmacy practice where pharmacists provide cost-effective solutions in patient care.
57
What are pharmacy policies and procedures?
Guidelines developed by pharmacists to ensure safe and effective drug distribution and control.
58
What is long-term care pharmacy?
A pharmacy setting that focuses on the medication needs of patients in long-term care facilities.
59
What is a patient care floor?
The area where medication carts are delivered for patient administration.
60
What is a blended unit-dose system?
A blended-dose system combines non-unit-dose drug distribution systems with a 'unit-of-use' medication packaging system.
61
What is an automated strip packaging machine?
Machines used to create medication strips that contain patient's scheduled drug administrations within different specific packages.
62
What is a modular cassette?
A system that offers the combined advantages of both blister-packaged or unit-dose medications along with hospital type drawer or cassette exchange systems.
63
What are reserve doses?
Medications contained in a narrow plastic slide-tray design within modular cassette medication strips.
64
What is an automated dispensing system?
A system featuring a dispensing cabinet that stores and dispenses medications outside of the long-term care pharmacy, linked to the pharmacy's computer.
65
What are fingerprint scans or passwords?
Methods used by nurses to gain access to medications within an automated dispensing system.
66
What is home health care pharmacy?
One of the fastest growing parts of the health care market, treating serious medical conditions outside the hospital setting, often at home.
67
What is the continuum of care?
The ongoing process of providing health care services, of which home health care is an important part.
68
What is a state-licensed administrator?
An individual who assumes responsibility for facility operations, including the quality of health care rendered to clients.
69
What are nursing procedures?
Procedures that require the professional skills of a registered nurse or a licensed practical nurse.
70
What are cost factors in home health care?
The growth of home health care is related to lower costs, among other factors.
71
What is technology improvement?
A factor contributing to the growth of home health care, allowing for better patient management outside of hospitals.
72
What is managed care?
A factor influencing the increase in home health care.
73
What are unit-dose and automated dispensing systems used for?
They are often used to minimize waste and simplify record keeping.
74
What is a key factor in the growth of home health care?
Lower costs are among the factors contributing to the growth.
75
What technological improvement has contributed to home health care?
It allows for better patient management outside of hospitals.
76
What is managed care?
A factor influencing the increase in home health care services, focusing on cost-effective health care delivery.
77
What role does physician acceptance play in home health care?
It has contributed to the growth of home health care services.
78
How does patient preference influence health care services?
Patients prefer receiving health care services at home rather than in hospitals.
79
What demographic factor contributes to the rise of home health care services?
The increase in the elderly population.
80
What is the responsibility of a state-licensed administrator in health care?
To ensure the quality of health care in a facility.
81
What are space requirements in relation to automated dispensing systems?
Automated dispensing systems require significant amounts of space.
82
What are computer connectivity problems?
Issues that automated dispensing systems have been prone to, impacting their efficiency.
83
What does record keeping automation facilitate?
It facilitates billing and reordering.
84
What services are included in home health care services?
Pharmaceutical services, nursing services, personal care services, rehabilitation services, and home medical supply services.
85
What do pharmaceutical services include?
Provision of durable medical supplies, orthopedic supplies, oxygen therapy, wound care, artificial limbs, medical devices, prescription medications, and infusion therapy.
86
What are nursing services?
Care provided by registered nurses in a home setting.
87
What are personal care services?
Assistance with daily living activities for patients in their home.
88
What are rehabilitation services?
Therapies aimed at helping patients recover from illness or injury.
89
What do home medical supply services provide?
Medical supplies necessary for patient care at home.
90
What are the payment sources for home health care?
Medicare (39.0%), Medicaid (27.2%), Private insurance (12.0%), Out-of-pocket (20.5%), Other and unknown (1.3%).
91
What do high-technology therapies include?
IV antibiotic therapy, chemotherapy, pain medication, total parenteral nutrition, enteral nutrition, renal dialysis, and respiratory and ventilation therapy.
92
What is home infusion pharmacy?
A practice where infusion therapies are prepared and dispensed to patients in the home.
93
What is sterile compounding?
The preparation of sterile products for IV and other parenteral administration.
94
What are IV solutions?
Intravenous solutions prepared for patient administration.
95
What is enteral nutrition therapy?
Nutritional therapy delivered directly to the gastrointestinal tract.
96
What is acute care?
Short-term treatment for severe injuries or illnesses.
97
What are cytotoxic cancer chemotherapy agents?
Drugs used to treat cancer by killing or slowing the growth of cancer cells.
98
What is total parenteral nutrition therapy?
Nutritional therapy delivered intravenously, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract.
99
What is pain management therapy?
Therapies aimed at alleviating pain for patients.
100
What is hydration therapy?
Therapy aimed at restoring body fluids.
101
What does collaboration in high-technology home care involve?
Close cooperation among the physician, pharmacist, registered nurse, and medical supply company.
102
What does home infusion pharmacy service include?
Preparation of IV solutions, injectable drugs, and enteral nutrition therapy.
103
What is a medical supply company?
A company that provides medical equipment and supplies for patient care.
104
What is wound care?
Treatment and management of injuries to the skin.
105
What is oxygen therapy?
Treatment that provides oxygen to patients who have low levels of oxygen in their blood.
106
What are artificial limbs?
Prosthetic devices that replace missing limbs.
107
What are durable medical supplies?
Medical equipment that is designed to be reused and last for an extended period.
108
What is IV admixture?
A mixture of drugs in an IV solution that may interact with each other, leading to decreased effectiveness or toxicity.
109
What is contamination in IV?
The potential for bacterial growth and transmission to the patient due to manipulation of the IV admixture.
110
What are biotechnology-derived drugs?
Drugs that may have very short periods of stability and require special techniques for dilution and dispersion.
111
What does accuracy of preparation support?
Delivery of the labeled amount and ensures consistency from dose to dose and from patient to patient.
112
What equipment is included in home infusion pharmacy?
Automated compounding and dispensing devices, laminar flow hoods, refrigerators with locked compartments, computer hardware, and printers.
113
What supplies are used in home infusion pharmacy?
Includes syringes, needles, dispensing pins, IV solution containers, filters, transfer sets, IV tubing, alcohol preparation pads, gloves, masks, gowns, and covers.
114
What are pharmacy technician duties?
Processing equipment and supply orders, compounding sterile products, and handling home infusion equipment and supplies.
115
What knowledge must pharmacy technicians have?
Must include home infusion therapies, nutritional products, sterile compounding, aseptic technique, pharmaceutical calculations, and relevant laws and regulations.
116
What types of nutritional therapy are provided by home infusion pharmacy?
Includes parenteral and enteral nutrition therapy.
117
What is parenteral nutrition therapy?
Delivers nutrients directly into the bloodstream.
118
What does total parenteral nutrition (TPN) consist of?
Amino acids, dextrose, fats, electrolytes, vitamins, trace elements, and medications like insulin and heparin.
119
What are TPN formulations?
Highly complex mixtures that require proper mixing and are usually prepared several days before administration.
120
What is enteral nutrition therapy?
Delivers foods and nutrients into the gastrointestinal tract through a tube.
121
What is tube feeding?
The most common home infusion nutritional therapy used in enteral nutrition.
122
What is supplemental nutrition?
Enteral nutrition can supplement oral or parenteral nutrition or meet the patient's entire nutritional needs.
123
Who are candidates for home enteral nutrition?
Patients with swallowing problems due to conditions such as stroke, dementia, trauma, cancer, or AIDS.
124
What are feeding tubes?
Devices placed into the stomach through the nose for short-term therapy of up to 3 to 4 weeks.
125
What is long-term enteral therapy?
Feeding tubes placed into the stomach or small intestine through the skin.
126
What is the nasogastric route?
A method of enteral feeding through the nose into the stomach.
127
What is the nasoduodenal route?
A method of enteral feeding through the nose into the duodenum.
128
What is the nasojejunal route?
A method of enteral feeding through the nose into the jejunum.
129
What is the esophagostomy route?
A method of enteral feeding through an opening in the esophagus.
130
What is the gastrostomy route?
A method of enteral feeding through an opening in the stomach.
131
What is the jejunostomy route?
A method of enteral feeding through an opening in the jejunum.
132
What is hospice?
An organized program of services to meet the medical, physical, emotional, spiritual, and social needs of a terminally ill patient.
133
What is hospice care?
Care that focuses on the patient's comfort rather than on a cure for the disease.
134
What is the eligibility for hospice care under Medicare?
A physician must certify that death is expected within 6 months.
135
What is the average length of stay in hospice?
51 days.
136
What is the funding for hospice programs?
Comes from Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurance.
137
What is the philosophy of hospice?
Affirms life and neither hastens nor postpones death.
138
What is palliative care?
Care offered to terminally ill people to alleviate suffering.
139
What are hospice pharmacy services divided into?
Clinical services and dispensing services.
140
What do clinical services in hospice pharmacy include?
Pain management, symptom management, medication monitoring, drug regimen review, drug information services, and formulary development and management.
141
What do dispensing services in hospice pharmacy include?
Medications and related equipment and supplies, sterile IV infusion compounding, starter kits, and 24-hour on-call coverage.
142
What is a starter kit in hospice care?
A group of medications given to a hospice patient to provide a 'start' in treatment for urgent problems during the last days or weeks of life.
143
What is ambulatory care pharmacy?
The provision of ambulatory care services increased dramatically during the 1980s and mid to late 1990s.
144
Who are ambulatory patients?
Patients who are able to walk and who are responsible for obtaining their medication, storing it, and taking it.
145
What is outpatient care?
Care provided in hospital-based facilities and, in most cases, on the campuses of such hospitals.
146
What are the types of patient designations?
Institutionalized, non-institutionalized, inpatient, outpatient, bedridden, and ambulatory.
147
What is a significant trend in health care?
The emphasis on shorter hospital stays and on outpatient care.
148
What do ambulatory care services include?
Outpatient pharmacies, emergency departments, primary care clinics, specialty clinics, ambulatory care centers, and family practice groups.
149
What do clinical pharmacists do?
Practice in various primary care clinics and improve drug therapy documentation, patient adherence, decrease duplicate prescriptions, and prevent the risk of overdosage.
150
What is a pharmacy clinic?
Provides refills to drop-in patients and is where patients are referred by physicians to clinical pharmacists.
151
What is an anticoagulation clinic?
One of the most successful pharmacist-managed ambulatory clinics.
152
What is chronic management in pharmacy?
The value of clinical pharmacists in the chronic management of patients with hypertension, diabetes, and allergies of patients receiving anticoagulation therapy.
153
What percentage of time must clinical pharmacy services be provided for successful ambulatory care?
80% to 90% of the time.
154
What is a mail-order pharmacy?
A pharmacy that dispenses maintenance medications to patients through mail delivery.
155
What are the advantages of mail-order pharmacy?
Cost savings, patient convenience, and privacy.
156
What is the growth trend of mail-order pharmacy?
It is one of the fastest growing areas in pharmacy practice.
157
What do most health plans offer regarding mail-order pharmacy?
An option to the traditional retail pharmacy for obtaining prescriptions.
158
What staff is included in mail-order pharmacy?
Licensed pharmacists, registered nurses, and technicians.
159
What do pharmacy technicians in mail-order pharmacy perform?
They perform almost all of the tasks.
160
What is one of the fastest growing areas in pharmacy practice?
Mail-order pharmacy.
161
What do health plans offer as an option for obtaining prescriptions?
Mail-order pharmacy.
162
Who comprises the staff of a mail-order pharmacy?
Licensed pharmacists, registered nurses, and technicians.
163
What do pharmacy technicians in mail-order pharmacy do?
Perform almost all of the dispensing functions involved with filling prescriptions.
164
What is the role of clinical pharmacists in patient referrals?
They assess patients physically, conduct laboratory tests, alter dosages, and change medications.
165
What must successful ambulatory care pharmacy services be?
Comprehensive and continual.
166
What is involved in drug therapy decisions?
The clinical pharmacist being available and accessible when the patient is being seen.
167
What are some symptoms patients may suffer from?
Increased secretions, constipation, nausea, vomiting, anxiety, agitation, fever, and pain.
168
What is a mail-order pharmacy?
A pharmacy that provides services to all 50 states, operates at a high volume, and offers discounts.
169
What is maintenance medication?
Medication that is required regularly for the treatment of a chronic condition.
170
What are some disadvantages of mail-order pharmacy?
Medication waste, lack of personal contact, increases in medication errors, and time delays.
171
What is a specialty mail-order pharmacy?
A pharmacy that handles prescriptions for patients with chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and multiple sclerosis.
172
What is a central fill pharmacy?
A pharmacy located near individual pharmacies that provides services to varying numbers of these pharmacies.
173
What is an internet pharmacy?
A pharmacy that utilizes commercial websites to allow patients to order medications online.
174
What are chronic illnesses?
Conditions that require ongoing medication, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease.
175
What does the FDA stand for?
The Food and Drug Administration.
176
What does NABP stand for?
The National Association of Boards of Pharmacy.
177
What is a copayment?
The amount a patient pays for a prescription, usually covered by a single payer.
178
What are specialty medications?
Medications often packaged for injection and not easily found in average retail pharmacies.
179
What problems do central fill pharmacies resolve?
Insurance claims.
180
What is a drug use review?
An activity performed by central fill pharmacies to ensure safe and effective medication use.
181
What service do internet pharmacies offer for quick medication delivery?
Overnight delivery.
182
What is patient counseling?
An activity that local pharmacists have more time for due to services provided by central fill pharmacies.
183
What is the primary activity handled by central fill pharmacies?
Refills of prescriptions.
184
What do internet pharmacies usually reduce to be competitive?
Delivery costs.
185
What is a chronic condition?
A long-term health issue that requires ongoing treatment and medication.
186
Which payer often covers prescriptions filled by specialty mail-order pharmacies?
Medicaid.
187
What is another payer that may cover prescriptions from specialty mail-order pharmacies?
Medicare.
188
What are private insurers?
Payers that may cover prescriptions for specialty medications.
189
What factor leads central fill pharmacies to utilize automation?
Volume of prescriptions.
190
What communication options do internet pharmacies provide?
E-mail and toll-free phone numbers.
191
What do comprehensive websites offered by internet pharmacies provide?
Detailed information about medications.
192
What is a legitimate internet pharmacy?
A pharmacy that operates with rigid safeguards to ensure quality pharmacy care.
193
What are illegitimate internet pharmacy websites?
Websites that sell unsafe medications and dispense medications without proper prescriptions.
194
What is nuclear pharmacy?
A branch of pharmacy that deals with services related to radiopharmaceuticals.
195
What is a radiopharmaceutical?
A radioactive drug used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
196
What is the drug component of a radiopharmaceutical?
The part responsible for localization in specific organs or tissues.
197
What is the radioactive component of a radiopharmaceutical?
The part that contains radioactive elements.
198
What types of radiation are released by a radionuclide?
Alpha, beta, and gamma radiation.
199
What is gamma radiation?
The most penetrating type of radiation, differing from alpha and beta radiation.
200
What is nuclear medicine?
A field that uses small quantities of radionuclides for diagnosis and treatment.
201
What are tracers in nuclear medicine?
Radiopharmaceuticals used to assess the structure and function of organs.
202
In what form are most radiopharmaceuticals prepared for administration?
Sterile, pyrogen-free intravenous solutions.
203
What is imaging in nuclear medicine?
Administering radiopharmaceuticals to localize a specific organ or system.
204
What are radionuclides?
Radioactive isotopes used in nuclear medicine.
205
What is Technetium-99m (99mTc)?
A radionuclide used in about 80% of radioactive drugs for diagnosis.
206
What is a reagent kit?
A multidose vial containing compounds in freeze-dried form for imaging organ systems.
207
What is Iodine-131 (131I) used for?
The treatment of hyperthyroidism and certain cancers.
208
What is Strontium-89 (89Sr)?
A radionuclide used for treatment as strontium chloride.
209
Who are pharmacy technicians in nuclear pharmacy?
Individuals commonly sent for radiopharmaceutical training.
210
What is a general requirement for positions in nuclear pharmacy?
Sterile IV compounding experience.
211
What is beta radiation?
Radiation emitted by certain isotopes that localizes in areas of metastatic disease.
212
What is 89Sr?
An analog of calcium that localizes in areas of metastatic disease of bone.
213
What is a palliative agent?
A treatment that provides relief from pain without curing the underlying disease.
214
Where can radiopharmaceutical preparation be done?
At the manufacturing site or compounded in a nuclear pharmacy.
215
What levels of sophistication are involved in compounding?
Includes simple addition of radioactive pertechnetate and custom radiolabeling.
216
What is a characteristic of radionuclides used in radiopharmaceuticals?
Short half-lives necessitating preparation on the day of use.
217
What does nuclear pharmacy involve?
Procuring, storing, compounding, dispensing, and providing information about radiopharmaceuticals.
218
What specialized training do pharmacists in nuclear pharmacy receive?
Nuclear physics, radiation detection, radiochemistry, and radiation protection.
219
What is the most common practice site for nuclear pharmacists?
Centralized commercial nuclear pharmacy.
220
What do institutional site nuclear pharmacists typically have?
An advanced degree (MS) and may be involved with clinical service.
221
What is a significant function of pharmacists in centralized nuclear pharmacies?
Radiopharmaceutical dispensing.
222
What specialized equipment is used in nuclear pharmacies?
Includes autoclaves for sterilization and centrifuges for blood sample separation.
223
What are autoclaves used for?
Sterilization in nuclear pharmacies.
224
What are centrifuges used for?
To spin whole blood samples for separation or radionuclide combination.
225
What area may nuclear pharmacists be more involved in?
Clinical service, especially in larger hospitals.
226
What are investigational products?
Products that may be handled by nuclear pharmacists in clinical settings.
227
What activity may nuclear pharmacists engage in?
Teaching, particularly in institutional settings.
228
What is radiolabeling?
The process of attaching a radioactive isotope to a molecule.
229
What is compounding in nuclear pharmacy?
The process of preparing radiopharmaceuticals.
230
Where may some radiopharmaceuticals be compounded?
In a nuclear medicine department.
231
What are dose calibrators used for?
To measure radioactivity of radionuclides.
232
What are dosimeters used for?
To measure radiation exposure to individuals.
233
What are fume hoods adapted for in nuclear pharmacies?
To vent air outward to release radiation.
234
What are Geiger counters used for?
To measure low-level radiation in an area.
235
What are glove boxes designed for?
To allow a worker's hands to access them through special gloves.
236
What are heating devices used for?
Dry heat ovens, incubators, and hot water baths.
237
What are refrigerators and freezers designed for?
To store radioactive compounds.
238
What are respirators used for?
To prevent inhalation of radioactive substances.
239
What are shields used for?
To protect workers from radioactivity.
240
What are incubators and hot water baths used for?
They are used in various laboratory settings.
241
What are refrigerators and freezers designed for?
They are designed for storing radioactive compounds.
242
What is the purpose of respirators in nuclear pharmacy?
Used to prevent the inhalation of radioactive substances.
243
What are shields in nuclear pharmacy?
Lead barrier shields used to protect workers from radioactivity.
244
What are showers used for in nuclear pharmacy?
Used to remove radioactive substances from workers.
245
What type of sinks are used in nuclear pharmacy?
Deep stainless steel sinks used to prevent splashing of radioactive compounds onto workers.
246
What are storage boxes used for?
Lead-lined boxes for storage and decay of radioactive materials.
247
What is testing equipment in nuclear pharmacy?
Instruments such as chromatographs, microscopes, and pH meters used for quality control procedures.
248
What are lead-lined aprons and gloves?
Specialized nuclear pharmacy supplies for protection.
249
What is leaded protective eyewear?
Specialized nuclear pharmacy supplies for eye protection.
250
What are leaded syringe and vial shields?
Specialized nuclear pharmacy supplies for shielding syringes and vials.
251
What are long tweezers or tongs used for?
Specialized nuclear pharmacy supplies for handling radioactive materials.
252
What is ammonia used for in nuclear pharmacy?
Specialized nuclear pharmacy supply used in various applications.
253
What are cushioning materials in nuclear pharmacy?
Specialized nuclear pharmacy supplies for protecting products during transport.
254
What are specialized labels and shipping containers used for?
Used for the safe transport of radioactive materials.
255
What vehicles are used in nuclear pharmacy?
Specialized nuclear pharmacy supplies for transportation.
256
What does procurement involve in nuclear pharmacy?
Determining product specifications, initiating purchase orders, receiving shipments, maintaining inventory, and storing materials under proper conditions.
257
What is quality assurance in nuclear pharmacy?
Ensures the safety and efficacy of radiopharmaceuticals.
258
What does health and safety focus on in nuclear pharmacy?
Protecting workers and patients.
259
What is monitoring patient outcome?
Involves tracking the effects of radiopharmaceuticals on patients.
260
What are regulations in nuclear pharmacy?
Guidelines governing the practice of nuclear pharmacy.
261
What does compounding of radiopharmaceuticals involve?
Activities ranging from simple tasks such as reconstituting reagent kits with 99mTc sodium pertechnetate to complex tasks.
262
What is quality assurance of radiopharmaceuticals?
Involves performing appropriate chemical, physical, and biological tests to ensure suitability for use in humans.
263
What does dispensing radiopharmaceuticals occur upon?
Receipt of a valid prescription or drug order.
264
What is distribution of radiopharmaceuticals within an institution?
Subject to institutional policies and procedures, generally involving lead-lined boxes or other shielded containers labeled with identifying information.
265
What are health and safety in nuclear pharmacy?
Crucial elements including radiation safety standards and proper handling of hazardous chemicals.
266
What are radiopharmaceuticals?
Generally dispensed in unit doses ready for administration to the patient.
267
What are institutional policies regarding radiopharmaceuticals?
Distribution from a centralized nuclear pharmacy to other institutions is subject to local, state, and federal regulations.
268
What do radiation safety standards include?
Limits for radiation doses, levels of radiation in an area, concentrations of radioactivity in air and waste water, and waste disposal.
269
What is the NRC?
The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission enforces radiation safety standards and other health and safety regulations.
270
What are hazardous chemicals in nuclear pharmacy?
Chemicals such as chromatography solvents that must be stored, handled, and disposed of using proper techniques.
271
What are personal protective devices?
Necessary for the safe handling of hazardous materials in nuclear pharmacy.
272
What is record keeping in nuclear pharmacy?
Appropriate record keeping is required during the compounding of radiopharmaceuticals.
273
What is expiration verification?
Verification of the compounding procedure, storage conditions, and expiration in the compounding of radiopharmaceuticals.
274
What are unit doses?
Prepared for administration to patients by trained health professionals.
275
What are lead-lined boxes used for?
For the distribution of radiopharmaceuticals.
276
What do state boards of pharmacy regulate?
The distribution of radiopharmaceuticals.
277
What does the U.S. Department of Transportation regulate?
Regulations that affect the distribution of radiopharmaceuticals.
278
What are the requirements for packaging and labeling of radiopharmaceuticals?
Established by local, state, and federal regulations.
279
What is personnel training in nuclear pharmacy?
Necessary for the safe handling and distribution of radiopharmaceuticals.
280
What are pharmacological intervention studies?
Certain other drugs often dispensed by nuclear pharmacists.
281
What are biological specimens?
Samples such as blood that must be handled as potentially infectious using standard precautions.
282
What is physical exertion in nuclear pharmacy?
Activities such as lifting heavy lead shields that must be done with appropriate care.
283
What is the provision of information and consultation?
A critical function of nuclear pharmacists involving communication of expert knowledge.
284
Who is a nuclear pharmacist?
A professional who provides information on biological effects of radiation, radiation physics, and radiopharmaceutical chemistry.
285
What is monitoring patient outcome in nuclear pharmacy?
Ensures patients are referred for appropriate procedures.
286
What is safety and efficacy evaluation?
The process of assessing the safety and effectiveness of radiopharmaceuticals and ancillary medications.
287
What is the regulation of nuclear pharmacy practice?
The responsibility of the NRC, which issues licenses and regulates radioactive materials.
288
What does the NRC do?
Ensures the safety of workers and the public exposed to radiation.
289
What are radiation badges?
Devices worn by health care professionals to monitor radiation exposure, checked monthly.
290
What is a radiation safety committee?
A group maintained by the employing organization to ensure worker safety from radiation exposure.
291
What are long-term pharmacy organizations?
Entities created to provide medications and clinical services to long-term care facilities.
292
What are home health care services?
Expanded services that include pharmaceutical, nursing, personal care, rehabilitation, and medical supply services.
293
What is high-technology home care?
Includes administration of IV antibiotics, chemotherapy, pain medications, TPN, and enteral nutrition.
294
What are clinical pharmacists involved in?
Drug therapy decisions for ambulatory care practices.
295
What are mail-order pharmacies?
Pharmacies that dispense medications through mail delivery.
296
What does nuclear pharmacy involve?
The procuring, storage, compounding, dispensing, and provision of information about radiopharmaceuticals.
297
What is long-term care?
A range of health and health-related support services.
298
Who are long-term care patients?
Children with congenital anomalies, young adults with lengthy recovery periods from trauma, and elderly persons with chronic diseases.
299
What is a long-term care pharmacy organization?
A licensed professional pharmacy providing medications and clinical services to long-term care facilities.
300
What are long-term care pharmacy services required to be?
Available 24 hours a day.
301
What do consultant pharmacists do?
Decrease medication costs, adverse drug reactions, and medication errors.
302
What does home health care include?
Nursing care, personal care, and residual care.
303
What are pharmacy responsibilities in home health care?
Provision of durable medical supplies, oxygen therapy, and prescription medications.
304
What are common high-tech therapies?
IV antibiotic therapy, chemotherapy, pain medication, TPN, and respiratory therapy.
305
What does high-technology home care require?
Close collaboration of physicians, pharmacists, and registered nurses.
306
What is Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)?
Consists of amino acids, dextrose, fats, electrolytes, vitamins, trace elements, and medications.
307
What is parenteral nutrition therapy?
Nutrients delivered directly into the bloodstream.
308
What is hospice?
An organized program of services for terminally ill patients.
309
Who are ambulatory patients?
Those who are able to walk and responsible for their medication.
310
What does ambulatory care include?
Outpatient pharmacies, emergency departments, and primary care clinics.
311
What is the difference between home health care and hospice?
Home health care focuses on post-hospital care, while hospice focuses on comfort for terminally ill patients.
312
What are the advantages of mail-order pharmacy?
Cost savings, decreased dispensing errors, and patient convenience.
313
What is the preparation and handling of radiopharmaceuticals?
Use of radioactive nucleotides to combat diseases.
314
What is an example of a radiopharmaceutical?
Iodine-131 to treat hyperthyroidism.
315
What are pharmacy technician roles in home infusion pharmacy?
Assist pharmacists in preparing and dispensing infusion therapies.
316
What types of infusion therapies are used for home infusion?
Include antibiotics, pain management, hydration, TPN, and chemotherapy agents.
