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hosa Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous system (CNS)

A

includes the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

brainstem

A

contains midbrain, medulla, and pons

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3
Q

medulla

A

controls vital body functions ex: heart rate, breathing

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4
Q

pons

A

control the management of sleep, arousal, facial expression

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5
Q

cerebellum

A

maintaining balance and motor coordination

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6
Q

reticular formation

A

controls mood, arousal, sleep; major source of serotonin and norepinephrine

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7
Q

cerebellum

A

contains more neurons than the rest of the brain

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8
Q

midbrain

A

controls sensory reflexes, movement, pain

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9
Q

thalamus

A

controls sensation, memory, states of consciousness; receives sensory input from most systems

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10
Q

basal ganglia

A

voluntary movement; degeneration in Parkinson’s, also involved in OCD and ADHD

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11
Q

hypothalamus

A

involved w/ motivation and homeostasis; regulates temperature, hunger thirst; directs ANS and endocrine system

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12
Q

hippocampus

A

formation of long term memories

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13
Q

amygdala

A

fear and aggression

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13
Q

cingulate cortex

A

directs ANS; plays role in decision making, emotion, anticipation of reward, empathy

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14
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects hemispheres

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14
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

reward and pleasure

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15
Q

cerebral cortex

A

thin layer of gray matter covering cerebral hemispheres

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16
Q

frontal lobe

A

primary motor cortex and areas responsible for most complex cognitive processes

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17
Q

Broca’s area

A

speech production in left hemisphere

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18
Q

orbitofrontal cortex

A

emotion, impulse control

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19
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

planning behavior, attention, and judgement

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20
Q

occipital lobe

A

primary visual cortex

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21
Q

parietal lobe

A

primary somatosensory cortex (involved in neglect syndrome)

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22
Q

temporal lobe

A

primary auditory cortex

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23
Q

lateralization

A

localization of function in one of the hemispheres (Ex: language lateralized in the left hemisphere)

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24
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

nerves and ganglia outside the CNS; contains somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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25
Q

somatic nervous system

A

transmits commands for voluntary movement

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26
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls glands and organs; contains sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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27
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight; expenditure of energy

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28
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest; storage of energy

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29
Q

enteric nervous system

A

nerve cells embedded in lining of gastrointestinal system; communicates with endocrine system; source of 95% of boys serotonin

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30
Q

endocrine system

A

responsible for release of hormones into bloodstream; responses to input from hypothalamus

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31
Q

pineal gland

A

releases melatonin; maintenance of sleep-wake cycles

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32
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland; stimulates activity of other glands

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33
Q

main parts of the neuron

A

soma (cell body), axons (transmit info), dendrites (receive info)

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34
Q

glial cells

A

provide structural matrix, clean up debris, form blood-brain barrier

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34
Q

myelin

A

insulating material covering axons; increase conduction

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35
Q

glial cells

A

cells that form scar tissue in the brain and spinal cord

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36
Q

young adulthood

A

The prefrontal cortex in myelinated in

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37
Q

action potential

A

electrical signal arising in a neurons axon

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38
Q

resting potential

A

electrical charge across membrane when neuron is not firing

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39
Q

action

A

The _________ potential is initiated when the membrane is depolarized to threshold

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40
Q

synapse

A

point of communication between neurons

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41
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger that communicates across a synapse

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42
Q

receptor

A

where neurotransmitter binds

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43
Q

reuptake

A

NT reabsorbed by neuron that released it

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44
Q

acetylcholine

A

NT involved in movement, memory, ANS function

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45
Q

epinephrine

A

NT involved in arousal

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46
Q

norepinephrine

A

NT involved in arousal and vigilance; released by SNS; disruptions in PTSD and bipolar disorder

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47
Q

dopamine

A

NT involved in movement, planning, and reward; receptors die in Parkinson’s, overactive in Schizophrenia

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48
Q

serotonin

A

NT involved in mood, appetite, sleep; associated with depression

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49
Q

endorphins

A

pain; opioid drugs mimic endorphins

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50
Q

glutamate

A

excitation of brain activity

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51
Q

GABA

A

inhibition of brain activity

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52
Q

anxiety

A

__________ disorders are the most common mental disorders

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53
Q

serious mental illness

A

Occurs at any time during the last year having a diagnosable, mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder that causes functional impairment that interferes with at least one major life event

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54
Q

serious mental disturbance (SED)

A

Occurs in children who have been diagnosed with a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder

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55
Q

autism spectrum disorder

A

Is characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior

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56
Q

autism spectrum disorder

A

(1 out of 50 children) have this disorder

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57
Q

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

characterized by either unusual inattentiveness, hyperactivity with impulsivity, or both

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58
Q

_____ % is the Percentage of children diagnosed with ADHD

A

11

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59
Q

the causes of _______ are genetic (heritability 70%), and environmental factors

A

ADHD

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60
Q

schizophrenia affects what percentage of the population?

A

1%

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61
Q

schizophrenia

A

characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought and speech, disorders of movement, restricted affect, and avolition or asociality

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62
Q

positive symptoms

A

behaviors found in patients with schizophrenia but not in normal people (ex: hallucinations, delusions)

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63
Q

negative symptoms

A

behaviors found in normal people but not in schizophrenics (ex: avolition, flat affect)

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64
Q

abnormalities in what neurotransmitter, are associated with schizophrenia?

A

Dopamine

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65
Q

abnormalities in what brain area is associated with schizophrenia?

A

enlarged ventricles

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66
Q

bipolar disorder

A

mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression

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67
Q

_____ % of the adult population is affected by bipolar disorder

A

2.6

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68
Q

what gender that is most affected by bipolar disorder?

A

female

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69
Q

concordance rates for bipolar disorder in twins is as high as ____%

A

70

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70
Q

major depressive disorder (MDD)

A

characterized by lengthy periods of depressed mood, loss of pleasure in normal activities, disturbances in sleep and appetite, difficulty concentrating, feelings of hopelessness, and possible thoughts of suicide

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71
Q

In order to be diagnosed with ____________ at least 5 symptoms and one must be depressed mood or anhedonia (lack of interest in activities that previously provided pleasure)

A

MDD

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72
Q

anhedonia

A

lack of interest in activities that previously provided pleasure

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73
Q

____ % of the population is affected by MDD

A

7

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74
Q

_________ are the most affected gender affected by MDD

A

females

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75
Q

___________ explanation for depression: result of a combination of negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future

A

cognitive

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76
Q

___________ explanation for depression: reduction in positive enforcement or increase in negative outcomes

A

learning

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77
Q

___________ explanation for depression: feelings of sadness and loneliness

A

social

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78
Q

___________ explanation for depression: heritability is 40%; certain genes affecting serotonin levels

A

biological

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79
Q

_________ is a disorder that is not proportional to a person’s circumstances

A

anxiety

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80
Q

diathesis-stress model

A

suggests that biological vulnerabilities for a disorder interact with a person’s experience of stress

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81
Q

_____ % of americans experience disorders

A

30

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82
Q

fears of specific objects or circumstances

A

specific phobias

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83
Q

panic disorder

A

repeated panic attacks and fear of future attacks

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83
Q

unrealistic fear of being scrutinized and criticized by others

A

SAD

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84
Q

fear of open spaces, being outside the home, being in a crowd

A

agoraphobia

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84
Q

% of the population affected by panic disorder

A

2.7

85
Q

obsessive compulsive disorder

A

associated with intrusive obsessions and compulsions

85
Q

excessive anxiety for 6 months that is not correlated with a specific object

A

GAD

86
Q

% of the population is affected by OCD

A

2-3

87
Q

____%-____% is the concordance rate for OCD

A

63-87

88
Q

body dysmorphic disorder

A

unrealistic perception of physical flaws

89
Q

personality disorder

A

impairments in identity, personality traits, and in establishment of empathy or intimacy

90
Q

PTSD

A

caused by the experience of trauma, which leads to flashbacks, dreams, hyper vigilance, and avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event

91
Q

alcohol use disorder

A

diagnostic criteria: problems controlling intake, continued use despite problems, developed tolerance, risky behavior caused by drinking; 17 million alcohol users have alcohol use disorder

92
Q

88 000

A

there are ___________ deaths in a year caused by excessive alcohol

93
Q

most used drug

A

marjiauana

94
Q

the most commonly abused stimulants

A

amphetamines, methanphetamines, and cocaine

95
Q

____ million people abuse opiods

A

1.9

96
Q

psychotherapy

A

treatment designed to improve symptoms of psychological disorder through conversation between the therapist and client

97
Q

counseling

A

a focus on personal strengths and development

98
Q

evidence based practice

A

combines research evidence, clinical expertise, and individual values to provide the best outcome for a patient

99
Q

behavior therapy

A

applications of classical and operant conditioning principles to the treatment of symptoms of psychological disorder and adjustment problems

100
Q

CBT

A

combination of cognitive restructuring with behavioral treatments that has been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms of many psychological therapy

101
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

combines treatments addressing biological, personal, and social underpinnings of psychological disorders

102
Q

most commonly used medical therapy?

A

medications

103
Q

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

seizures are induced in an anesthetized patient; used to treat mood disorders that have not responded to medication

104
Q

psychosurgery

A

attempt to improve symptoms of psychological disorders through the use of brain surgery

104
Q

deep brain stimulation

A

electrical stimulation applied through surgically implanted electrodes that is used to treat some anxiety and mood disorders

105
Q

treatment for __________ includes: ABA therapies to help with socially important behaviors

A

autism spectrum disorder

106
Q

treatment for __________ includes: ritalin and other stimulants and behavioral therapies

A

ADHD

107
Q

treatment for __________ includes: phenothiazines (medication) reduce psychotic symptoms;

A

schizophrenia

don’t affect negative symptoms and don’t work in 1/4 of schizophrenia patients

108
Q

treatment for __________ includes: medication (lithium); has serious negative side effects; poor compliance

A

bipolar disorder

109
Q

treatment for __________ includes: antidepressants (SSRI’s); CBT therapy also used to increase activity levels and social skills

A

MDD

110
Q

treatment for __________ includes: benzodiazepines (enhance effects of GABA); CBT therapy

A

anxiety

111
Q

treatment for __________ includes: antidepressants; CBT therapy (highly effective)

A

OCD

112
Q

treatment for __________ includes: exposure therapy with or without SSRI’s

A

PTSD

113
Q

4 major dimensions of recovery

A

are heath, home, purpose, and community

114
Q

the foundation of recovery

A

hope

115
Q

continuum of care

A

promotion, prevention, treatment, recovery

116
Q

____________ and ___________ factors make people vulnerable to mental illness

A

biological and psychological

117
Q

individual level protective factors

A

are positive self image, self control, social competence

118
Q

prevention approaches

A

help individuals develop knowledge, attitudes, and skills they need to make good choices or change harmful behaviors

119
Q

___________________ definition: is the promotion of mental health, resilience, and well-being, prevention and treatment of mental and substance abuse disorders, support during recovery

A

behavioural health

120
Q

people with mental illness are more likely to have

A

chronic health conditions

121
Q

people with mental illness die on an average of how many years earlier?

A

8 years

122
Q

social factors related to early mortality are

A

poverty, social isolation, lack of access to quality healthcare

123
Q

act where mental illness and substance abuse fall under the 10 essential health benefits that most plans must cover

A

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

124
Q

act where deductibles, copays, out of pocket maximums, treatment limitations can be no more restrictive than requirements for other medical care

A

Mental Health Parity and Addition Equality Act (MHPAEA)

125
Q

2 major roots of psychology

A

philosophy and natural sciences

126
Q

trepanation

A

ancient practice of drilling holes in the skull

127
Q

Edward Kitchener

A

established the theory of structuralism

128
Q

functionalism

A

viewed behavior as purposeful because it led to survival

129
Q

physical cause and medical treatment used _______..

A

medical models of psychological disorders

130
Q

show abnormalities resulting from life experiences

A

psychological model

131
Q

humanistic approach

A

saw people as inherently good and motivated to learn and improve

132
Q

Sigmond Freud

A

psychodynamic theory; existence of unconscious mind, development of sexuality, dream analysis, psychoanalysis

133
Q

behaviouralism

A

study and careful measurement of observable behaviors

134
Q

biological psychology

A

focuses on relationship between the mind and behavior

135
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

physical structure and behavior being shaped by contributions to survival and reproduction

136
Q

cognitive psychology

A

information processing, thinking, reasoning, problem solving

137
Q

social psychology

A

effects of social environment on behavior

138
Q

developmental psychology

A

normal changes in behavior over the lifespan

139
Q

clinical psychology

A

explain, define, treat abnormal behavior

140
Q

sensory neurons

A

Neurons that cary incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain or spinal cord

140
Q

biological psych

A

Branch of psychology that links biology and behavior

140
Q

phrenology

A

Popular theory that claimed bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities or character traits

141
Q

motor neurons

A

Neurons that Carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

141
Q

interneurons

A

Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate with each other and regulate sensory and motor inputs

142
Q

dendrite

A

Branches that extend from the nerve cell body. Which receive messages and conduct impulses toward the body

143
Q

myelin sheath

A

The layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of neurons in segments and increases the transmission speed of impulses

144
Q

axon

A

Extension of the neuron that has fibers on the end that passes information to other neurons or muscles

144
Q

action potential

A

Neural impulse, brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

145
Q

threshold

A

The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse. Comes from the level of excitatory signals minus inhibitory signals

145
Q

neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messenger that crosses the synaptic gap between neurons, binding to receptor sites on the dendrites of the recording neuron

146
Q

synapse

A

The junction between the axon of the relaying neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. This is also known as the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft

147
Q

endorphins

A

“Morphine within” a natural opiate like neurotransmitter that is linked to pain control and pleasure

148
Q

serotonin

A

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
lack can lead to depression

148
Q

dopamine

A

Neurotransmitter that influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion.

excess in schritzophrenia

149
Q

Acetylcholine

A

A neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning, and memory
lack results in Alzheimers

150
Q

norepinephrine

A

Helps control alertness and arousal

150
Q

Glutamate

A

An excess of this neurotransmitter can cause migraines and seizures

151
Q

Gamma-butyric acid

A

An inhibitory neurotransmitter, a lack is linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia

151
Q

Glutamate

A

Major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory

152
Q

reuptake

A

A neurotransmitter’s reabsorption of the sending neuron

153
Q

agonist molecules

A

A molecule from the outside of the body that is similar enough to a neurotransmitter to Mimic is affects, like in certain opiate drugs

153
Q

antagonist molecules

A

A molecule from the outside of the body that blocks a neurotransmitter’s function (I.e. Botulin which blocks ACh)

154
Q

ACh

A

Acetylcholine

155
Q

nervous system

A

The body’s electrochemical communication network that consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral she central nervous systems

156
Q

PNS

A

The sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

157
Q

nerves

A

Axons that have been bundled together into cables that connect the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs

158
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

The part of the PNS that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs

158
Q

somatic nervous system

A

The division of the PNS that controls the skeletal muscles

158
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body and mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

159
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Part of the autonomic system that calms the body, conserving its energy

160
Q

endocrine system

A

The body’s chemical communication system that is made up of a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

160
Q

hormones

A

Chemical messengers that are made in the endocrine system, which travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues

161
Q

reflex

A

Simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus

162
Q

pituitary gland

A

The most influential glans that controls growth and other endocrine glands, and is controlled by the hypothalamus

162
Q

adrenal glands

A

A pair of endocrine glands above the kidneys that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine that help arouse the body in stressful situations

162
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

An amplified recording of the sound waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brains surface. Electrodes on the scalp measure these waves

163
Q

leison

A

Tissue destruction caused either naturally or experimentally

163
Q

Positron emission tomography scan (PET Scan)

A

A visual display of the brain activity that detects where the radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

164
Q

Function MRI (fMRI)

A

Technique used to reveal the blood flow and brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans, this shows the brains function

164
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Technique that uses magnetic filers abs radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue, this shows the brains anatomy

164
Q

brainstem

A

The oldest part, and the central core of the brain. Starts where the spinal cord swells at the beginning of the skull and is responsible for automatic survival functions

165
Q

medulla

A

The base of the Brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing

166
Q

reticular formation

A

A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal

166
Q

cerebellum

A

The “little brain” at the rear Of the brainstem that processes sensory input and coordinates movement output and balance

167
Q

thalamus

A

The brains sensory switchboard which is located on top of the Brainstem. This switchboard directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex, and transmits relies to the cerebellum and medulla

167
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The structure below the thalamus, that directs eating, drinking, body temp., as well as helping govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. Linked to emotion and reward

168
Q

limbic system

A

The neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres and is associated with emotions and drives

169
Q

Amygdala

A

Two Lima bean sized neural clusters in the Limbic system that are linked to emotion

170
Q

glial cells

A

Cells in the nervous system support, nourish, and protect neurons

170
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres and the body’s ultimate control and information processing center

171
Q

frontal lobes

A

Portion of the cerebral cortex just behind the forehead that is involved in speaking, muscle movements, add in making plans and judgements

172
Q

parietal lobes

A

Portion of the cerebral cortex at the top rear of the head that receives sensory input for touch and body position

173
Q

occipital lobes

A

Portion of the cerebral cortex at the back of the head that receives information from the visual fields

174
Q

motor cortex

A

An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movement, this area of the brain is involved in the idea of neural prosthetics

174
Q

temporal lobes

A

Portion of the cerebral cortex above the ears that include the auditory areas that receive information from the opposite ear

175
Q

neurogenesis

A

The formation of new neurons

175
Q

association areas

A

Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions but in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking

175
Q

plasticity

A

The brains ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

176
Q

sensory cortex

A

Area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes the body’s touch and movement sensations. The larger the area of this region used for a particular body part, the more sensitive it is.

177
Q

corpus callous

A

The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres, carrying messages between them

177
Q

split Brain

A

A condition resulting from surfer that Isolates the brains two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them

178
Q

all or none response

A

A strong stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire, and to fire more often, but it doesn’t affect the action potentials strength or speed

178
Q

gonads

A

The sex glands

178
Q

lock and key mechanism

A

Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron in this manner

178
Q

aphasia

A

An impairment of language, usually caused by damage to the left hemisphere of the brain

178
Q

Thyroid gland

A

A gland that surrounds the trachea, and controls metabolism, among other things

178
Q

brocas area

A

An area in the left hemisphere that controls language information

179
Q

Parathyroids

A

Glands right next to the thyroid that help regulate the calcium level in the blood

179
Q

reward center

A

An area of the hypothalamus that, when stimulated, provides pleasure to the organism

180
Q

wernickes area

A

An area in the left hemisphere of the brain that controls language understanding

180
Q
A
181
Q
A
181
Q
A
182
Q
A
183
Q
A

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