Horses Flashcards
What are the 3 classes of draft horses?
Heavy draft and light draft
What are the 6 macrominerals?
Sodium chloride, potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, calcium, sulfur
What is the number 1 horse in america?
American Quarter Horse
What does ingestion of wilted red maple leaves cause?
RBC breakdown
What are symptoms of wilted red maple leaf ingestion?
Lethargy, anorexia, red-brown urine, mm pale yellowish color progressing to dark muddy brown, increased RR and HR, dehydration
What are the light draft horse breeds?
Freisian, Gypsy Vanner, American Cream Draft Horse
What are the water soluble vitamins?
Biotin, Thiamine, Pyridoxine, Cobalamin, Niacin, Folic Acid, Vitamin C, Pantothenic acid, Riboflavin
What are the 4 common hays?
COAT, Clover, orchard grass, alfalfa, timothy grass
Which grass is high in calcium and can cause enteroliths?
Alfalfa
What are 3 concentrates?
COB, Corn, oats, barley
What is a side effect of feeding clover?
Increased drooling and black tongue
What is the Ca: Phos ratio for horses?
1:2 to 1.5:2
What are the heavy draft horses?
Clydesdale, Shire, Belgian, Percheron
What is creep feeding foals?
Building a feed area small enough for the foals to get in and eat grain while keeping the bigger horses out
What’s the difference between a miniature horse and a pony?
Ponies can be used as pack animals, bred for a purpose, under 14.2 hands
What is Alsike Clover and what can happen if it’s overingested?
Clover who’s flowers are not fully white or pink. In low doses is not toxic, in high doses causes liver disease and blistering of unpigmented skin from the sun.
What is the tallest a miniature horse can be?
34 inches
What is a male and female donkey called?
A male is a jack, a female is a jenny or jennet
A mule is a mix of what?
Jack donkey and mare
A hinny is a mix of what?
Stallion and jenny
What is a male and female mule called?
A male mule is a john, a female mule is a molly
What is the lethal dose of hemlock and what does it cause?
4-5 lb, paralyzes diaphragm and causes respiratory failure
Young shoots of johnson grass contains high levels of what?
Cyanide
What are signs of cyanide poisoning?
Brick red mmm, rapid RR, tremors, frequent urination/defecation, gasping, convulsions
What are the effects of ingesting locoweed?
Lifelong neuro issues like head bobbing, high stepping gaits, staggering, falling
What are the 6 leg markings of horses?
Sock, fetlock, stocking, coronet, heel, pastern
What happens if you breed a dominant white stallion to a dominant white mare?
Produces a foal with lethal white
What is lethal white in a foal?
Myelin sheath doesn’t cover nerves properly, foal’s GIT doesn’t work properly and so it starves to death
What is the most important nutrient?
Water
What is a horse’s normal TPR?
T: 99-101.5, P: 28-44 R: 6-16. Higher HR can equate to more pain. Lower HR is common in athletic horses.
What are signs of colic?
Bloated, distended abdomen, kicking at the belly, no gut sounds, rolling, biting at belly
How long does it take for endorphins to release when twitching? How long does it last?
2 minutes, only good for upwards of 20 minutes
When restraining foals, where should you avoid putting pressure? Why?
Poll. The spinal cord of an undeveloped foal is not fully formed, and putting pressure there puts pressure on the spinal cord and they can die. They can wear halters but you cannot lead them with the rope.
When does the atlas fully close in a foal?
1 yr- 18 months.
What are the benefits of grooming after surgery?
Helps to promote blood flow to the skin
How many sets of ribs do horses have? How many do people, dogs and cats have?
18 sets
13 sets
Because horses have an intact mediastinum, why do we listen to both lungs?
Because one lung can be diseased and the other is fine
What are the 3 arteries for feeling pulse?
Transverse facial artery, Coccygeal, Pedal
Which artery should you not be able to palpate on a healthy horse? What does it mean when you can?
Pedal artery
Means the horse is in pain because it has a bounding pulse rate
What does the mediastinum contain and where is it located?
Heart, thymus gland, part of the esophagus and trachea, located between the lungs.
How long should you auscultate in each quadrant?
1 minute, then increase to 2 minutes if you dont hear anything
What are the grades for auscultating the gut?
0= no motility \+1 = hypomotility \+2= normal motility \+3= hypermotility
What does sand in the ventral colon sound like?
Borborygmic sounds but gravelly, like gravel pushing against each other
What do blue mm indicate?
Bacterial sepsis, septic shock, not enough oxygen
What do brick red mm indicate?
Endotoxic shock
What do yellow mm indicate?
icterus, liver dz, abnormal hemolysis of RBC
What does petechial mm indicate?
Clotting disorders
What color tube is used for clotting tests?
Blue
How many inches is in a hand?
4 inches
How much do hooves grow?
1/4 inch a month
How often should hooves be trimmed or shoes replaced?
Ever 6-8 weeks
What are the names for the distal phalanx?
Pedal bone, coffin bone
Why do you remove horse shoes in winter?
Snow and ice can build up under the hoof, which must be picked it and is hard to remove. Dunking the foot in warm/hot water can cause the hoof wall to crack. Removing the shoes also allows the horse better traction.
Why dont you gallop a horse with shoes on?
The heel cannot expand and you run the possibility of breaking the hoof
What causes white line disease, aka thrush?
Bacterial, fungal or yeast infection, allowed to enter when hoof is quicked
What does the laminae contain?
The blood and nerve supply for the hoof
What are clinical signs of white line disease?
Cheesy material and air pockets that pack with debris, laminitis, lameness, black foul smelling material.
What is a stone bruise? How long must the horse rest?
Bruise on the bottom of the hoof from walking on hard surfaces like stone. Horse must be rested for 2-3 months. Boots are available to be put on for light work.
How long does it take for a hoof to grow from the coronary band to the bottom of the hoof?
1 year
How are quarter cracks fixed?
Staples or horse shoes
What causes quarter cracks?
Working on a hard surfaces, environment is very dry, conformation issues, improper trimming
What is quittor? What causes it?
Painful chronic infection involving the lateral cartilage of the coffin bone, which gets bruised and inflamed, necrosis and drains through the coronary band. Usually caused by trauma
What is the purpose of the navicular bone?
To prevent the deep flexor tendon from rubbing against bone.
What is another name for laminitis?
Founder
What happens during laminitis?
Inflammation from the laminae presses against the coffin bone and causes it to tip down, sometimes through the bottom of the hoof.
What is the primary cause of laminitis?
Hyperglycemia
What are 3 examples of legumes?
Alfalfa, corn, clover
How should Horses living in stalls be fed to prevent hyperglycemia?
Feed 3-4 times a day
What is a side effect of phenylbutazone?
Stomach ulcers
What is an NSAID for horses? What is the max amount of time you can use it?
Phenylbutazone
1-3 days
What is ring bone? What causes it?
Arthritic changes (bone growth like a lump) and inflammation between the coffin joint (low ring bone) or pastern joints (high ring bone). Trauma to periosteum, poor shoeing, poor conformation like long sloping pasterns, upright pasterns, long toes with low heels, pigeon toes, splay foot, unbalanced feet
What is the thumb and pinky of horses?
Chestnuts and ergots.
What happens when tendons are bowed?
The deep, and sometimes superficial, flexor tendon has torn its fascia.
What do the terms in equine radiology mean?
Where it enters and exits
What radiographic view is used to see the navicular bone?
Skyline view
What is wobbler’s syndrome? Which breed is it common in?
Compression of the spinal cord usually in the first or second vertebrae in the cervical region causing neuro lameness.
Arabians
What is stringhalt?
Neuro lameness that’s from conformation issues or eating a certain dandelion. Worse in cold weather, affects the sciatic nerve and/or laryngeal nerve in forelimbs and causes high stepping. Can effect just one end or both ends.
