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Animal Life > Horse Husbandry > Flashcards

Horse Husbandry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the ethnological requirements of semi-feral horses?

A

social groups
travel 65-80km/d
forage 16h/d

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2
Q

List the 3 Fs.

A

friends
forage
freedom

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3
Q

What happens if you restrict the 3 Fs?

A

physiological stress response depending on degree of restriction, individual factors, training etc

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4
Q

How does a stress response manifest?

A

post-inhibitory rebound (after restriction will perform behaviour in excess)
learning is impaired (aggression, behavioural issues)
learned helplessness/depression (less likely to engage in environment)
development of abnormal repetitive behaviours

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5
Q

What is an abnormal repetitive behaviour?

A

repeated behaviour that has no function
stress response
oral vs. locomotor

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6
Q

List oral abnormal repetitive behaviours.

A

windsucking
cribbing
abnormal tongue behaviours

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7
Q

List locomotor abnormal repetitive behaviour.

A 
weaving
box walking
pawing
door kicking
head circling/shaking/nodding
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8
Q

What can predispose abnormal repetitive behaviours?

A

genetics

stress response!

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9
Q

Can horses learn abnormal repetitive behaviours from other horses?

A

no

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10
Q

What are the learning differences between horses that have abnormal repetitive behaviours vs. without?

A

with - learn faster, resistant to behaviour change

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11
Q

How do you meet a horse’s ethological needs?

A

daily turnout

group integration

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12
Q

What is a normal social organization for horses?

A

bands of 5-20 (harem, bachelor, juvenile)

herd = 1 or more bands

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13
Q

What is the role of the stallion in a harem band?

A

keeps group together
watches over
plays with young
defends from other stallions

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14
Q

What is the role of the mare in a harem band?

A

older/experienced initiates movement

juveniles stay for a few years - females more likely to stay forever

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15
Q

Explain horse dominance.

A

bilateral
any horse can displace some other horses
use subtle body language
competition more likely in domesticated

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16
Q

What are the situations where aggression is normal?

A

stallions fighting for mating rights

mares with neonates (protecting)

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17
Q

Why are domesticated horses more likely to be aggressive?

A

limited resources
less room for avoidance
more mixing of groups

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18
Q

What is remarkable about horse sight?

A

extreme range of sight - only blind area at forehead & behind them
eyes on side of head

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19
Q

What allows horses to see well in low light?

A

tapetum

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20
Q

What is the function of a corpora nigra?

A

shade from bright light

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21
Q

List the strengths of horse sight.

A

movement detection

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22
Q

List the weaknesses of horse sight.

A

dichromatic (no red/green)
within 1M weak vision
acuity
slow to change in response to light levels

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23
Q

Describe horse ears.

A

large
funnel shaped
individual 180 movement (10 muscles)
very sensitive

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24
Q

What does a horse use its sense of smell for?

A

identification/familiarization of objects/surrounding
greeting other horses
detection of foreign materials (feed/water)

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25
Q

What is the vomeronasal organ?

A

accessory olfactory in hard palate

detects pheromones

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26
Q

What tastes can horses detect?

A

salt
sour
sweet
bitter

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27
Q

Is touch important to horses?

A

yes, whiskers (vibrissae) on muzzle help gain information
important for selective grazing
sensitive skin

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28
Q

How can you stimulate tactile senses?

A 
mutual grooming
c-touch fibres for parasympathetic dominance
scratching withers (reduce heart rate)
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29
Q

How do differing housing situations change time budgets?

A

less like feral = less time grazing & social interaction, more time aware & watching = stress response

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30
Q

How long ago did humans domesticate horses?

A 
6000 ya (Ukraine)
first use (hunting) 15000ya
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31
Q

Describe working horses in developing countries.

A 
owned by single families
transport food/water/people
agriculture/trade/tourism
supply milk/meat/hide
poor welfare
32
Q

Describe working horses in the UK.

A

logging/moving large loads
prevents damage to environment
police horses used ceremoniously now

33
Q

List horse sports.

A 
racing (jump/flat/endurance)
show jumping
dressage
eventing
polo
34
Q

Describe horse ears.

A

large on side of head

monocular & binocular vision

35
Q

How do horses draw air into the vomeronasal organ?

A

flehmen/lip curling response

36
Q

Why might a horse not respond well to a spur/leg pressure?

A

accidentally conditioned to not respond - not lack of sensation

37
Q

How can you lower a horse’s heart rate & calm them?

A

scratch the withers

38
Q

List the suggested time budgets for horses.

A

foraging: 51-67%
resting: 8-29%
locomotion: 4-13%
other: up to 10%

39
Q

How do you measure horse emotional state?

A

valence (affective state) (happy/sad)

arousal (level of alertness)

40
Q

List indicators of arousal.

A 
fidgeting/frozen
elevated head
backward rotation of eye
ear angled back/sideways & down
facial/muscular tension
extended forelegs & flexing hindlegs
hyper-vigilance
41
Q

Describe the mental capacity of horses.

A

poorly developed prefrontal cortex
no imagination
can’t problem solve
learn through trial & error

42
Q

Describe the memory capabilities of horses.

A

excellent long term

poor short term

43
Q

List the different phases of learning theory.

A

non-associative

classical conditioning

44
Q

Describe non-associative learning

A 
habituation = learn not to react to stimuli
sensitization = learn to react to stimuli
45
Q

What determines whether a horse habituates?

A

perception of potential harm

fear response

46
Q

Describe classical conditioning.

A

association between two previously unrelated stimulus
increases predictability of environment
results in response

47
Q

Describe operant conditioning.

A

.

48
Q

What is an innate reinforcer?

A

physiological reward

food/scratching withers

49
Q

Describe positive reinforcement.

A

adding a stimulus to reward the behaviour you want

treat

50
Q

Describe negative reinforcement.

A

removal of a stimulus to reward a behaviour you want

remove pressure when get what you want

51
Q

What is combined reinforcement?

A

using both positive and negative reinforcement to train

52
Q

Describe punishment.

A

making a behaviour less likely
positive = adding adverse stimulus to reduce likelihood of behaviour
negative = removing positive stimulus to reduce likelihood of behaviour

53
Q

What are some problems with punishment?

A 
lowers motivation to try new responses
desensitization 
timing usually isn't appropriate
possible extreme response 
fear response
54
Q

What is shaping?

A

initially reward basic attempt, then ask for more & more

more steps = faster learning

55
Q

Describe the routine for grass kept horses.

A 
kept in field @ all times in a herd
have shelter (built/natural)
fresh constant supply of water 
q12 checks (horses, plants, garbage, etc.)
56
Q

What are the area allowances for grass kept horses.

A

1 hectare/horse

0.5 hectare/horse in peek grazing

57
Q

What is a livery yard?

A

single horses in small fenced off paddocks

check fences q24

58
Q

How to feed grass kept horses?

A

no addl feed with good grazing

reduce feeding ability if fat OR stable during day & feed soaked hay

59
Q

What is a summer rug?

A

wrap blanket to prevent biting insects (sweet itch - more susceptible)
also fly masks useful

60
Q

How to keep horses at grass in fall/winter?

A

hay feeder - access for all
change diet v. slowly
some horses need rugs (breed/clipping/low weight)

61
Q

What is a track system?

A

create movement mimicking natural lifestyle
track around edge of field
forage fed

62
Q

What is an equicentral system?

A

land management - treat horse as part of ecosystem
can hold horses off land if needed
move horses around so no overgrazing
protect ecosystem

63
Q

List potential challenges with the track system.

A 
time to adjust
injury risk (too narrow & interpersonal)
colic
human work requirement
expensive to set up
64
Q

List potential challenges with the equicentral system,/

A

binge eating = laminitis
human work requirement
expensive to set up

65
Q

List some poisonous plants for horses (UK).
Are they acute or cumulative?
What does ingestion cause?

A

ragwort (cumulative - liver failure)
oak (acute/cumulative - kidney damage/internal bleeding)
yew (acute - cardiac arrest)
bracken (cumulative - carcinogenic & b deficiency)
buttercup (abdominal pain & convulsions)
foxglove (acute? - and pain, convulsions)
privet (acute - paralysis, staggering)
sycamore (acute? - atypical myopathy & muscle damage)
rhododendron (acute - staggering, abdominal pain, weak pulse)

66
Q

How often should a horse be seen by a farrier?

A 
shod = 6-7w 
unshod = 7-8w
67
Q

What is the best way to deworm a horse?

A

monitor, only deworm when necessary to prevent resistance

68
Q

Describe a stabled horse routine.

A

AM
feed, brush, turnout/forage, muck out, exercised
PM
bring in, brush, feed

69
Q

List different types of stables.

A

stalls
stables/loose boxes
loose housing

70
Q

Describe stalls.

A

often old buildings
tied/lack of freedom
convenient for people

71
Q

Describe loose boxes.

A

free standing
doors 4ft wide
minimum sizes applicable

72
Q

What is necessary for stable fittings?

A

minimal
water
rings for tying
feeding (bucket/hay net)

73
Q

Describe loose housing.

A

access to hay & water
housed together with other horses
lots of bedding
free movement (enough room)

74
Q

Describe bucket water systems.

A

plastic/rubber
refilled/checked q8
easily monitored
labour intensive

75
Q

Describe automatic water drinkers

A

difficult to monitor
less labour
some don’t like
can get frozen

76
Q

What are the requirements for bedding?

A 
warm
dry 
comfortable
encourage lying down
clean
insulation 
good for hooves
77
Q

Describe stable environment for a hospitalized horse.

A

isolation
must be clean & dust-free
DO NOT allow to look out over door (IV catheter)
mirror/stimulation

Animal Life (4 decks)

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