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Biology of Animal Production II > Horse Exam > Flashcards

Horse Exam Flashcards

1
Q

The horse market follows

A

the economy

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2
Q

Horse are mostly used for what today

A

recreation

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3
Q

How many horses are there in the USA

A

7.2 million

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4
Q

Missouri ranks where in horses

A

7th with 117,000 horses in 2017

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5
Q

Evolution of the horse

A

Eohippus
mesohippus
merychippus
pliohippus
equus- today’s horse

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6
Q

Eohippus

A

The first horse, browser, fox sized

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7
Q

Equus

A

today’s horse

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8
Q

Horse evolution trend

A

Size got bigger
lower number of toes
higher size of cheek teeth
increase in face length

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9
Q

Ungulate

A

hoofed animals

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10
Q

Horses are what type of ungulate

A

odd-toed

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11
Q

Historical uses for the horse

A

Food source- meat and milk
pack animals

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12
Q

What is a breed

A

Animals within a species having a distinctive appearance and typically developed by deliberate selection

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13
Q

Oldest horse breed

A

Arabian

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14
Q

10 most popular breeds

A
  1. Arabian
  2. Quarter Horse
  3. Thoroughbred
  4. Tennessee Walking Horse
  5. Morgan
  6. Paint
  7. Appaloosa
  8. Miniature horse
  9. Warmblood
  10. Andalusian
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15
Q

Two classification of horses

A

light and draft

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16
Q

types of light horses

A

Hunter type, saddle type, stock type

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17
Q

Hunter type horses have

A

long legs, level head and tail carriage, speed
Examples- Thoroughbred, Appendix Quarter Horse

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18
Q

Saddle type horses have

A

Pretty and smooth rides, higher head carriage
Examples- Arabian, Tennessee walking horse, Saddlebred, Morgan

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19
Q

Stock type horses have

A

stockier build
examples- Appaloosa, Quarter Horse, Paint

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20
Q

Hot blooded horse

A

more energetic, spirited, and responsive

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21
Q

Cold blooded horses

A

docile- draft horses or docile type light horses

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22
Q

Warm blooded horses

A

Cross between hot and cold blooded horses

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23
Q

The marker that separates a pony from a horse

A

14.2 hands

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24
Q

Mare

A

Female horse

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25
Q

Foal

A

Baby horse

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26
Q

Colt

A

Male foal

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27
Q

Filly

A

female foal

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28
Q

stallion

A

intact male horse

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29
Q

Gelding

A

castrated male horse

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30
Q

Jack

A

male donkey

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31
Q

jenny or jennet

A

female donkey

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32
Q

molly

A

female mule

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33
Q

john

A

male mule

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34
Q

Missouri State Animal

A

Mule

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35
Q

Missouri State Horse

A

Missouri Fox Trotter

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36
Q

Zebroids

A

zebra hybrids
zorse
zony
zonkey

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37
Q

Permanent ways to identify horses

A

tattoos
brands- freeze or hot
microchip
coat colors and marking

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38
Q

non permanent ways to identify horses

A

Halter
nametags
neck bands

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39
Q

Five basic coat colors

A

Sorrel/Chestnut
brown
bay
black
white

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40
Q

coat color dilutions

A

buckskin
palomino

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41
Q

coat color double dilutions

A

perlino- double cream bay
cremello- double cream chestnut

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42
Q

The Dun factor has to have

A

Dorsal stripe
wither stripes
leg stripes

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43
Q

Masking factor

A

White
Gray

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44
Q

Roan Factor

A

Red
blue
or bay roan

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45
Q

Facial markings

A

white muzzle
snip
star
stripe
bald face
blaze
no markings
or a combination

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46
Q

Leg markings

A

coronet
pastern
sock
half stocking
stocking
heel

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47
Q

Conformation

A

the form of the horse affects function and performance

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48
Q

Four aspects of conformation

A

balance
structure
general appearance and breed ideals
movement

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49
Q

What goes into a horses balance

A

Equal thirds- hip, back, shoulders
level top line
short top line and long underline
head and neck proportional to the body

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50
Q

what goes into a horses structure

A

straight columns of bone
shoulder angle of 45 degrees
pastern and hoof angles of 45 degrees
hock angles around 160 degrees

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51
Q

what goes into general appearance/breed ideals

A

Eye appeal
head, neck and tail carriage
muscling
coloring

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52
Q

what goes into movement of a horse

A

soundness
fluid movement
straight while tracking

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53
Q

gaits of a horse

A

walk
trot
canter or lope
gallop

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54
Q

walk

A

4 beat- one side moves at a time

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55
Q

Trot

A

2 beat- diagonal, opposite feet move together

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56
Q

Canter or lope

A

3 beat with leads- lead leg is unpaired leg

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57
Q

gallop or run

A

4 beat with leads- two legs paired a split second off

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58
Q

gregarious

A

like to live in groups

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59
Q

Horses show dominance by controlling

A

movement

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60
Q

Reactive

A

self preservation

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61
Q

Ingestive

A

how horses eat

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62
Q

Eliminative

A

how they get rid of waste

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63
Q

Sexual

A

how they breed or act around breeding

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64
Q

epimeletic

A

caregiving behavior

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65
Q

agonistic

A

fight or flight

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66
Q

allelomimetic

A

mimicry

67
Q

investigative

A

curious nature

68
Q

Grooming

A

grooming each other by nibbling

69
Q

sleep and rest

A

how they sleep

70
Q

Horses have what type of vision

A

Monocular and binocular vision

71
Q

The ears of a horse move

A

idependently

72
Q

Horses spend how much time eating

A

60%

73
Q

Horses spend how much time standing

A

20%

74
Q

Horses spend how much time lying down

A

10%

75
Q

What are stereotypic behaviors

A

repetitive, invariant behavior pattern with no obvious goal or function

76
Q

what causes stereotypic behaviors

A

boredom and stress

77
Q

Types of locomotive stereotypic behaviors

A

pacing
weaving

78
Q

Types of oral stereotypic behaviors

A

Cribbing
wind sucking
wood chewing

79
Q

Why is it important to know horse behavior

A

it guides our handling and management of horses, safety, and best housing practices

80
Q

When a horse is living outside you need to consider

A

feed/pasture availability
water
fencing
weather protections

81
Q

Horses prefer what type of grass

A

short, immature grasses

82
Q

Horses need access to water

A

at all times

83
Q

Why do we limit access to streams and creeks

A

foot problems
Erosions

84
Q

horses need how much pasture

A

2 acres per horse

85
Q

Fencing considerations for horses

A

safety
fence pressure
visibility
cost
aesthetics

86
Q

Fencing installation considerations

A

boards on the inside
4.5 feet tall
double fence
no corners ideal
alleyways

87
Q

How big should horse stalls be

A

12’ by 12’ stalls
10’ or higher ceilings
4’ doors

88
Q

When housing horses indoors it is important to consider

A

Ventilation
turnout times

89
Q

Horses poop about every

A

2 hours

90
Q

concerns with manure management

A

runoff
parasites
insects
odors

91
Q

What is included in daily care of horses

A

feeding
watering
general care

92
Q

Types of parasites

A

large strongyles
small strongyles
roundworms
pinworms
stomach bots
tapeworms

93
Q

Diagnose parasites by

A

fecal float and egg count

94
Q

Floating

A

filing the sharp points on the teeth

95
Q

Considerations when vaccinating

A

risk of disease
consequences of disease
anticipated effectiveness of selected products
potential adverse reactions to vaccines
cost of vaccine vs. cost of disease

96
Q

What are core vaccines

A

protect from diseases that are endemic to a region, those with potential public health significance, required by law, virulent/highly infectious, and or those posing a risk of severe disease

97
Q

examples of core vaccines

A

easter/western equine encephalomyelitis
rabies
tetanus
west nile virus

98
Q

What is the coggins test

A

test for Equine Infectious Anemia and is required for horses when entering competitions, crossing state lines, or changing ownership

99
Q

Digestive system of a horse

A

Mouth
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
- cecum
-large colon
-small colon
-rectum
-anus

100
Q

Foregut in a horse

A

mouth
esophagus
stomach
small intestine

101
Q

Hindgut in a horse

A

large intestine
cecum
large colon
small colon
rectum
anus

102
Q

The stomach makes up about

A

10% of digestive system

103
Q

where does microbial fermentation take place in a horse

A

the cecum

104
Q

where does water absorption take place in the horse

A

small colon

105
Q

a horses esophagus enters the stomach at what angle

A

oblique meaning they cannot throw up

106
Q

The two parts in an equine daily ration

A

concentrates
roughages

107
Q

Roughages

A

hay or pasture

108
Q

concentrates

A

grains, supplement

109
Q

How much forages should a horse get daily

A

minimum of 1%
2-2.5% ideal
2-3 acres per horse

110
Q

How much concentrates should a horse get daily

A

not every horse requires it
.5-1 % BW

111
Q

How much water do horses consume daily

A

10-12 gallons

112
Q

Normal body condition score for a horse

A

5
working horse- 4 or 5
breeding- 6

113
Q

Feeding horses in Winter

A

pasture no longer adequate
hay is important
plenty of water

114
Q

feeding horses in summer

A

reduce feeds that create heat
plenty of water
increase salt availability

115
Q

What problems do moldy hay cause in horses

A

dust spores cause respiratory issues
horses are unable to regurgitate it and the mycotoxins are absorbed

116
Q

Colic

A

abdominal pain
number 1 cause of death in horses

117
Q

laminitis

A

number 2 killer in horses
inflammation of sensitive laminae

118
Q

Fescue toxicity

A

endophyte infested fescue
inhibits blood flow

119
Q

Why should we not feed fescue to late gestation mares

A

causes agalactia- lack of lactation
retained placenta
red bag birth

120
Q

Parts of the mare’s reproductive tract

A

Vulva, vestibule, vagina, cervix, bicornuate uterus, oviduct, ovary

121
Q

What is the structure of a mare’s cervix

A

longitudinal folds

122
Q

A mare’s ovary is

A

opposite of other species

123
Q

Why is a horse’s ovary opposite of other species?

A

So horses only ovulate one follicle and avoid twins

124
Q

How long is the estrous cycle in a mare

A

21 days

125
Q

Estrus

A

development of a follicle- estrogen is the dominant follicle

126
Q

Diestrus

A

luteal phase- progesterone is the dominant hormone

127
Q

Parts of a stallion’s reproductive tract

A

testes, epididymis, vas deferens, accessory glands, penis

128
Q

What is the job of the testis

A

produce spermatozoa, produce testosterone

129
Q

Ultrasonography

A

ultra high sound waves bounce back to create an image

130
Q

Horses are what type of breeders

A

long day breeders

131
Q

Gestation length in mares

A

about 340 days, have to make it to 320 at least

132
Q

What causes maternal recognition of pregnancy in horses

A

We do not know

133
Q

An embryo must be

A

mobile to 80% of the uterus

134
Q

Chance of twins surviving in horses

A

<1%

135
Q

Pinching

A

Removing one of the embryos by squeezing it until it pops to avoid having twins in horses

136
Q

Three stages of parturition

A

Stage one- mare shows signs of general discomfort
stage two- begins when the water breaks and ends with the birth of the foal
stage three- ends with expulsion of placenta

137
Q

Three stages for a neonatal foal

A

1 hour- standing
2 hours- nursing
3 hours- poop

138
Q

Foal heat

A

6 days to two weeks post foaling

139
Q

When do we want to breed on a foal heat

A

if there were no problems during birth and no sooner than 10 days

140
Q

Genes

A

Basic unit of inheritance

141
Q

Horses have how many chromosomes

A

64

142
Q

Donkeys have how many chromosomes

A

62

143
Q

mules have how many chromosomes

A

63

144
Q

Horses have how many pairs of chromosomes

A

31 pairs of autosomes
1 pair of sex chromosomes

145
Q

Where are traits on the chromosomes

A

alleles

146
Q

gametes contain half of genetic material

A

haploid

147
Q

at fertilization, return to original value

A

diploid

148
Q

homozygous

A

two of the same AA

149
Q

heterozygous

A

2 different Aa

150
Q

Both genetics and what affect a horse

A

environment

151
Q

_______ determines ________

A

genotype, phenotype

152
Q

Color blocking factor

A

White, Ww
Not white, ww
Lethal, WW

153
Q

The Gray Factor

A

Gray, GG, Gg
Not gray, gg

154
Q

The extension factor

A

Has black on its body, EE, Ee
Red, ee

155
Q

The Agouti factor

A

Where the black will be at
AA or Aa= bay, only has black points
aa- black horse

156
Q

The Dun dilution factor

A

Dun, DD, Dd
Not dun, dd

157
Q

The cream dilution factor

A

Full color, CC
Red diluted to yellow; black unaffected, CCr
Both red and black pigments diluted, CrCr

158
Q

The roan factor

A

Roan, RNRN, RNrn
not roan, rnrn

159
Q

Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency (GBED)

A

inability to convert glucose to glycogen
- can’t store energy for body function
recessive inheritance
fatal to the foal

160
Q

Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia (HERDA)

A

Skin disorder
- genetic defect in collagen- allows the skin to move separate from the muscle
Traced back to Poco Bueno- QH

161
Q

Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis Disease (HYPP)

A

Muscle disease
unpredictable muscle twitching

162
Q

Malignant Hyperthermia (MH)

A

muscle disorder
show symptoms until exposed to anesthesia

163
Q

Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy Type 1 (PSSM1)

A

Genetic form of tying up
maintained with diet and exercise protocol
dominant

164
Q

Overo Lethal White Syndrome (OLWS)

A

Recessive- homozygous lethal
Disconnect between neural and GI systems
similar to lethal white but specific to overo paints

Biology of Animal Production II (2 decks)

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