Horse Exam Flashcards
1
Q
The horse market follows
A
the economy
2
Q
Horse are mostly used for what today
A
recreation
3
Q
How many horses are there in the USA
A
7.2 million
4
Q
Missouri ranks where in horses
A
7th with 117,000 horses in 2017
5
Q
Evolution of the horse
A
Eohippus
mesohippus
merychippus
pliohippus
equus- today’s horse
6
Q
Eohippus
A
The first horse, browser, fox sized
7
Q
Equus
A
today’s horse
8
Q
Horse evolution trend
A
Size got bigger
lower number of toes
higher size of cheek teeth
increase in face length
9
Q
Ungulate
A
hoofed animals
10
Q
Horses are what type of ungulate
A
odd-toed
11
Q
Historical uses for the horse
A
Food source- meat and milk
pack animals
12
Q
What is a breed
A
Animals within a species having a distinctive appearance and typically developed by deliberate selection
13
Q
Oldest horse breed
A
Arabian
14
Q
10 most popular breeds
A
- Arabian
- Quarter Horse
- Thoroughbred
- Tennessee Walking Horse
- Morgan
- Paint
- Appaloosa
- Miniature horse
- Warmblood
- Andalusian
15
Q
Two classification of horses
A
light and draft
16
Q
types of light horses
A
Hunter type, saddle type, stock type
17
Q
Hunter type horses have
A
long legs, level head and tail carriage, speed
Examples- Thoroughbred, Appendix Quarter Horse
18
Q
Saddle type horses have
A
Pretty and smooth rides, higher head carriage
Examples- Arabian, Tennessee walking horse, Saddlebred, Morgan
19
Q
Stock type horses have
A
stockier build
examples- Appaloosa, Quarter Horse, Paint
20
Q
Hot blooded horse
A
more energetic, spirited, and responsive
21
Q
Cold blooded horses
A
docile- draft horses or docile type light horses
22
Q
Warm blooded horses
A
Cross between hot and cold blooded horses
23
Q
The marker that separates a pony from a horse
A
14.2 hands
24
Q
Mare
A
Female horse
25
Foal
Baby horse
26
Colt
Male foal
27
Filly
female foal
28
stallion
intact male horse
29
Gelding
castrated male horse
30
Jack
male donkey
31
jenny or jennet
female donkey
32
molly
female mule
33
john
male mule
34
Missouri State Animal
Mule
35
Missouri State Horse
Missouri Fox Trotter
36
Zebroids
zebra hybrids
zorse
zony
zonkey
37
Permanent ways to identify horses
tattoos
brands- freeze or hot
microchip
coat colors and marking
38
non permanent ways to identify horses
Halter
nametags
neck bands
39
Five basic coat colors
Sorrel/Chestnut
brown
bay
black
white
40
coat color dilutions
buckskin
palomino
41
coat color double dilutions
perlino- double cream bay
cremello- double cream chestnut
42
The Dun factor has to have
Dorsal stripe
wither stripes
leg stripes
43
Masking factor
White
Gray
44
Roan Factor
Red
blue
or bay roan
45
Facial markings
white muzzle
snip
star
stripe
bald face
blaze
no markings
or a combination
46
Leg markings
coronet
pastern
sock
half stocking
stocking
heel
47
Conformation
the form of the horse affects function and performance
48
Four aspects of conformation
balance
structure
general appearance and breed ideals
movement
49
What goes into a horses balance
Equal thirds- hip, back, shoulders
level top line
short top line and long underline
head and neck proportional to the body
50
what goes into a horses structure
straight columns of bone
shoulder angle of 45 degrees
pastern and hoof angles of 45 degrees
hock angles around 160 degrees
51
what goes into general appearance/breed ideals
Eye appeal
head, neck and tail carriage
muscling
coloring
52
what goes into movement of a horse
soundness
fluid movement
straight while tracking
53
gaits of a horse
walk
trot
canter or lope
gallop
54
walk
4 beat- one side moves at a time
55
Trot
2 beat- diagonal, opposite feet move together
56
Canter or lope
3 beat with leads- lead leg is unpaired leg
57
gallop or run
4 beat with leads- two legs paired a split second off
58
gregarious
like to live in groups
59
Horses show dominance by controlling
movement
60
Reactive
self preservation
61
Ingestive
how horses eat
62
Eliminative
how they get rid of waste
63
Sexual
how they breed or act around breeding
64
epimeletic
caregiving behavior
65
agonistic
fight or flight
66
allelomimetic
mimicry
67
investigative
curious nature
68
Grooming
grooming each other by nibbling
69
sleep and rest
how they sleep
70
Horses have what type of vision
Monocular and binocular vision
71
The ears of a horse move
idependently
72
Horses spend how much time eating
60%
73
Horses spend how much time standing
20%
74
Horses spend how much time lying down
10%
75
What are stereotypic behaviors
repetitive, invariant behavior pattern with no obvious goal or function
76
what causes stereotypic behaviors
boredom and stress
77
Types of locomotive stereotypic behaviors
pacing
weaving
78
Types of oral stereotypic behaviors
Cribbing
wind sucking
wood chewing
79
Why is it important to know horse behavior
it guides our handling and management of horses, safety, and best housing practices
80
When a horse is living outside you need to consider
feed/pasture availability
water
fencing
weather protections
81
Horses prefer what type of grass
short, immature grasses
82
Horses need access to water
at all times
83
Why do we limit access to streams and creeks
foot problems
Erosions
84
horses need how much pasture
2 acres per horse
85
Fencing considerations for horses
safety
fence pressure
visibility
cost
aesthetics
86
Fencing installation considerations
boards on the inside
4.5 feet tall
double fence
no corners ideal
alleyways
87
How big should horse stalls be
12' by 12' stalls
10' or higher ceilings
4' doors
88
When housing horses indoors it is important to consider
Ventilation
turnout times
89
Horses poop about every
2 hours
90
concerns with manure management
runoff
parasites
insects
odors
91
What is included in daily care of horses
feeding
watering
general care
92
Types of parasites
large strongyles
small strongyles
roundworms
pinworms
stomach bots
tapeworms
93
Diagnose parasites by
fecal float and egg count
94
Floating
filing the sharp points on the teeth
95
Considerations when vaccinating
risk of disease
consequences of disease
anticipated effectiveness of selected products
potential adverse reactions to vaccines
cost of vaccine vs. cost of disease
96
What are core vaccines
protect from diseases that are endemic to a region, those with potential public health significance, required by law, virulent/highly infectious, and or those posing a risk of severe disease
97
examples of core vaccines
easter/western equine encephalomyelitis
rabies
tetanus
west nile virus
98
What is the coggins test
test for Equine Infectious Anemia and is required for horses when entering competitions, crossing state lines, or changing ownership
99
Digestive system of a horse
Mouth
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
- cecum
-large colon
-small colon
-rectum
-anus
100
Foregut in a horse
mouth
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
101
Hindgut in a horse
large intestine
cecum
large colon
small colon
rectum
anus
102
The stomach makes up about
10% of digestive system
103
where does microbial fermentation take place in a horse
the cecum
104
where does water absorption take place in the horse
small colon
105
a horses esophagus enters the stomach at what angle
oblique meaning they cannot throw up
106
The two parts in an equine daily ration
concentrates
roughages
107
Roughages
hay or pasture
108
concentrates
grains, supplement
109
How much forages should a horse get daily
minimum of 1%
2-2.5% ideal
2-3 acres per horse
110
How much concentrates should a horse get daily
not every horse requires it
.5-1 % BW
111
How much water do horses consume daily
10-12 gallons
112
Normal body condition score for a horse
5
working horse- 4 or 5
breeding- 6
113
Feeding horses in Winter
pasture no longer adequate
hay is important
plenty of water
114
feeding horses in summer
reduce feeds that create heat
plenty of water
increase salt availability
115
What problems do moldy hay cause in horses
dust spores cause respiratory issues
horses are unable to regurgitate it and the mycotoxins are absorbed
116
Colic
abdominal pain
number 1 cause of death in horses
117
laminitis
number 2 killer in horses
inflammation of sensitive laminae
118
Fescue toxicity
endophyte infested fescue
inhibits blood flow
119
Why should we not feed fescue to late gestation mares
causes agalactia- lack of lactation
retained placenta
red bag birth
120
Parts of the mare's reproductive tract
Vulva, vestibule, vagina, cervix, bicornuate uterus, oviduct, ovary
121
What is the structure of a mare's cervix
longitudinal folds
122
A mare's ovary is
opposite of other species
123
Why is a horse's ovary opposite of other species?
So horses only ovulate one follicle and avoid twins
124
How long is the estrous cycle in a mare
21 days
125
Estrus
development of a follicle- estrogen is the dominant follicle
126
Diestrus
luteal phase- progesterone is the dominant hormone
127
Parts of a stallion's reproductive tract
testes, epididymis, vas deferens, accessory glands, penis
128
What is the job of the testis
produce spermatozoa, produce testosterone
129
Ultrasonography
ultra high sound waves bounce back to create an image
130
Horses are what type of breeders
long day breeders
131
Gestation length in mares
about 340 days, have to make it to 320 at least
132
What causes maternal recognition of pregnancy in horses
We do not know
133
An embryo must be
mobile to 80% of the uterus
134
Chance of twins surviving in horses
<1%
135
Pinching
Removing one of the embryos by squeezing it until it pops to avoid having twins in horses
136
Three stages of parturition
Stage one- mare shows signs of general discomfort
stage two- begins when the water breaks and ends with the birth of the foal
stage three- ends with expulsion of placenta
137
Three stages for a neonatal foal
1 hour- standing
2 hours- nursing
3 hours- poop
138
Foal heat
6 days to two weeks post foaling
139
When do we want to breed on a foal heat
if there were no problems during birth and no sooner than 10 days
140
Genes
Basic unit of inheritance
141
Horses have how many chromosomes
64
142
Donkeys have how many chromosomes
62
143
mules have how many chromosomes
63
144
Horses have how many pairs of chromosomes
31 pairs of autosomes
1 pair of sex chromosomes
145
Where are traits on the chromosomes
alleles
146
gametes contain half of genetic material
haploid
147
at fertilization, return to original value
diploid
148
homozygous
two of the same AA
149
heterozygous
2 different Aa
150
Both genetics and what affect a horse
environment
151
_______ determines ________
genotype, phenotype
152
Color blocking factor
White, Ww
Not white, ww
Lethal, WW
153
The Gray Factor
Gray, GG, Gg
Not gray, gg
154
The extension factor
Has black on its body, EE, Ee
Red, ee
155
The Agouti factor
Where the black will be at
AA or Aa= bay, only has black points
aa- black horse
156
The Dun dilution factor
Dun, DD, Dd
Not dun, dd
157
The cream dilution factor
Full color, CC
Red diluted to yellow; black unaffected, CCr
Both red and black pigments diluted, CrCr
158
The roan factor
Roan, RNRN, RNrn
not roan, rnrn
159
Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency (GBED)
inability to convert glucose to glycogen
- can't store energy for body function
recessive inheritance
fatal to the foal
160
Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia (HERDA)
Skin disorder
- genetic defect in collagen- allows the skin to move separate from the muscle
Traced back to Poco Bueno- QH
161
Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis Disease (HYPP)
Muscle disease
unpredictable muscle twitching
162
Malignant Hyperthermia (MH)
muscle disorder
show symptoms until exposed to anesthesia
163
Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy Type 1 (PSSM1)
Genetic form of tying up
maintained with diet and exercise protocol
dominant
164
Overo Lethal White Syndrome (OLWS)
Recessive- homozygous lethal
Disconnect between neural and GI systems
similar to lethal white but specific to overo paints
