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therio study > Horse > Flashcards

Horse Flashcards

1
Q

At what grade of the mare will she accept stand for the stallion during teasing

A

grade 3

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2
Q

At what grade of estrus will winking occur

A

grade 4

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3
Q

During diestrus in the mare the cervix is what size?

A

1 finger

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4
Q

During estrus in the mare the cervix is what size?

A

4 fingers

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5
Q

During diestrus in the mare, palpation yields:

A

tight cervix and toned uterus

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6
Q

during estrus in the mare palpation yeilds

A

flaccid cervix and uterus

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7
Q

How large are follicles at ovulation in the mare as measured on ultrasound?

A

35 mm

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8
Q

. During what phase of the estrous cycle of the mare will the uterus appear edematous on ultrasound yielding an “orange slice” or “wagon wheel” appearance?

A

estrus

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9
Q

A CL is rapidly visable on US in the mare if present

A

True

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10
Q

When palpating and grading the cervix in a mare during anestrus, it will likley yeild what grade?

A

Grade B

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11
Q

During what stage of the estrous cycle will the cervix appear to have a “wilted rose” appearance on vaginal speculum exam?

A

estrus

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12
Q

During what stage of the estrous cycle will the cervix appear to have a “rose bud” appearance on vaginal speculum exam?

A

diestrus

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13
Q

Which of the following have been indicated in hastening the time to first transitional season ovulation in the mare?

A

Increasing light
Sulpride
Domperidone

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14
Q

T/F The use of progestins in the mare is most likely better at synchronization of first ovulation rather than hastening first ovulation.

A

True

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15
Q

. Estrogen administration in the mare has:

A

A positive influence on LH and negative effect on FSH

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16
Q

Mares with adequate fat but not obese will have:

a. Enhanced fertility
b. Shorter intervals to first estrous and first ovulation
c. Higher conception rates 
d. A and C only
e. All of the above
A

all of the above

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17
Q

The number one cause of infertility in the mare is:

A

failure to breed at the appropriate time

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18
Q

Which of the following is a type of uterine swab used in the mare that allows for both collection of sample for culture and cytology (in the cap)

A

Kalayjian

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19
Q

Which of the following is a type of uterine swab used in the mare that is more prone to “squishicytes” and requires two swabs (one for culture, one for cytology)

a. Kalayjian
b. McCullough
c. Bruhner
d. Ferguson
e. Caslick
A

McCullough

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20
Q

A mare presents to you with a history of shortened interestrus period, vaginal discharge, a hyperemic cervix and fluid in the uterus. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

endometritis

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21
Q

When assessing vaginal cytology in the mare, it is normal to have less than 1-2 per high powered bacteria, with the exception of which one that may indicate more severe pathology if it is ever identified?

a. Strep Equi Equi
b. Strep Zooepidemicus
c. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
d. Staphylococcus aureus
e. Mycoplasma

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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22
Q

While inconvenient to perform, uterine lavage for culture and cytology of the mare is more accurate in assessing subfertile mares

A

true

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23
Q

Endometrial biopsy performed in a mare yielded a Grade I. What is the expected foaling rate for this mare?

A

80- 90%

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24
Q

Endometrial biopsy performed in a mare yielded a Grade IIA. What is the expected foaling rate for this mare?

A

50-80%

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25
Q

. Endometrial biopsy performed in a mare yielded a Grade IIB. What is the expected foaling rate for this mare?

A

10-50%

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26
Q

Endometrial biopsy performed in a mare yielded a Grade III. What is the expected foaling rate for this mare?

A

<10%

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27
Q

With a Grade II endometrial biopsy in the mare, what widespread severe changes will be noted on histopathology?

a. Periglandular fibrosis
b. Severe inflammation
c. Lymphatic stasis
d. A and B only
e. All of the above
A

all of the above

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28
Q

Which of the following hormones are tested for when diagnosing granulose cell tumors in the mare?

a. Progesterone
b. Testosterone
c. Inhibin
d. A and C only
e. All of the above
A

all of the above

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29
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome is the most common chromosomal anomaly that should be tested for in a mare with primary infertility.

A

False

30
Q

Which of the following are general criteria for breeding of the mare?

a. Follicle >35 mm
b. Teasing Grade 4
c. Waning uterine edema pattern
d. A and C only
e. All of the above
A

all of the above

31
Q

Which of the following hormones bypass the anterior pituitary and are used to induce ovulation in the mare during spring transition

a. hCG
b. reHL
c. GnRH (Deslorelin)
d. A and B only
e. All of the above
A

. hCG and reHL

32
Q

It is better to breed the mare prior to than after ovulation when using frozen semen

A

true

33
Q

What is the industry standard for progressively motile spermatozoa in cooled semen in the stallion?

A

1 billion

34
Q

When performing AI in the mare, what locations are appropriate for deposition of semen?

A

Uterine body and Uterine horn

35
Q

Which of the following can be used to shorten the luteal phase in the mare?

a. Dinoprost
b. Cloprostenol
c. Altrenogest
d. A and B only
c. All of the above
A

Dinoprost and Cloprostenol

36
Q

Which of the following can be used to lengthen the luteal phase in the mare?

a. Dinoprost
b. Cloprostenol
c. Altrenogest
d. A and B only
c. All of the above
A

altrenogest

37
Q

A mare can be bred during her foal heat if:
a. She does not ovulate before day 10 post-partum
b. Normal uterine involution is complete
c. There was no dystocia during parturition
d. A and B only
E. All of the above

A

all of the above

38
Q

.What is the time frame post fertilization in the mare will the embryo enter the uterus?

A

5-6 days

39
Q

. Transutero embryo migration in the mare occurs during what time frame post fertilization?

A

11- 15 days

40
Q

At what point in the mare’s pregnancy is progesterone production no longer CL dependant and placenta contributes to maintenance of pregnancy?

A

90 days

41
Q

At what day post fertilization does fixation of the embryo occur in the mare?

A

Day 16

42
Q

average gestation in the horse is

A

340 days

43
Q

The fetus in the horse is typically palpable up to what day before it moves over the pelvis?

A

150 days

44
Q

Twinning in the mare results primarily from synchronous ovulations?

A

False - results from ASYNCHRONOUS ovulation

45
Q

Diagnosis of twins is best done via ultrasonography at what day?

A

14

46
Q

If a mare is diagnosed with twins, what is the likelihood that she will carry both fetuses to term and both will be born alive?

A

1%

47
Q

When assessing milk composition to predict foaling in the mare, what is the micronutrient profile trend of the milk?

A

Increasing calcium, decreasing sodium and potassium

48
Q

Stage one of foaling in the mare ends with what act?

A

rupture of the chorioallantois

49
Q

Uterine contractions in the mare occur during what stage of parturition?

A

Stage 2

50
Q

Abdominal contractions and oxytocin release in the mare during Stage 2 of parturition is known as?

A

Ferguson’s reflex

51
Q

You notice edema and localized fluid accumulation of the chorioallantois in the placenta from a foal. What is the most likely cause?

A

Fescue

52
Q

. T/F Dystocia in the mare is rare compared to other species but when it occurs is usually the result of abnormal fetal posture

A

True

53
Q

T/F Any type of correction or assisted delivery of a foal will result in subsequent decreased fertility in the mare

A

true

54
Q

Which of the following lubricants has been implicated in causing peritonitis in mares?

A

J - Lube

55
Q

Concerning obstetrical management of the mare, turning the fetus on its longitudinal axis is termed:

A

rotation

56
Q

Concerning obstetrical management of the mare, turning the fetus on its transverse axis into a cranial or caudal presentation is termed:

A

version

57
Q

What is the most reliable sign of fetal “readiness” in the mare/foal?

A

presence of colostrum

58
Q

What is the drug of choice for induction of parturition in the mare?

A

oxytocin

59
Q

Mummification of the fetus is typically due to a bacterial infection

A

False

60
Q

Though rare, hydrops allantois can be caused by?

a. Genetics
b. Placentitis
c. Torsion of amnion and umbilicus
d. A and C only
e. All of the above
A

all of the above

61
Q

T/F Uterine torsion is generally rare in the mare due to the dorsal uterine attachment of the broad ligament

A

true

62
Q

When treating uterine torsion with the “plank in her flank” rolling method in the mare, you should roll the mare in the same direction as the torsion when facing the horse

A

false- from behind

63
Q

T/F Prolonged gestation in the mare rarely results in the birth of an oversized fetus

A

true

64
Q

Which of the following are clinical signs of fescue toxicosis in the mare:

a. Decreased pregnancy rates
b. Early embryonic death
c. Agalactia
d. Prolonged gestation
e. All of the above
A

all of the above

65
Q

What is/are the critical time period(s) to remove fescue hay/pasture from mares to prevent disease in the mare/foal?

a. First 30-60 days of gestation
b. Last 30-60 days of gestation
c. First 30 days of lactation
d. A and B only
e. All of the above
A

A and B

66
Q

Which of the following can be used to increase milk production in the mare?

a. Domperidone
b. Sulpiride
c. Reserpine
d. A and C only
e. All of the above
A

A and C

67
Q

Retained fetal membranes are the most common post-partum problem in which species?

A

Equine

68
Q

Which of the following are recommended treatments of retained fetal membranes in the mare?

a. Oxytocin
b. Burn’s Technique
c. Manual removal
d. A and B only
e. All of the above
A

A and B

69
Q

Which artery/arteries are most commonly ruptured during uterine torsion/rupture/foaling in the mare?

A

Utero- Ovarian

Middle Uterine

70
Q

What is the anti-fibrinolytic agent that is used in internal hemorrhage in the mare?

A

aminocaproic acid

71
Q

Perineal lacerations are most common in what species?

A

Equine

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