Hormones/Introduction

Question 1

These are the molecules that released by axon terminals of neurons into the synaptic jxn and act locally to control nerve fxns.

Answer 1

NT’s

Question 2

These are the molecules that are released by glands or specialized cells into the circulating blood and influence the fxn of target cells at another locaiton in the body.

Answer 2

Endocrine Hormones (H’s)

Question 3

These are the molecules secreted bu neurons into the circulating blood and infleunce the fxn of target cells at another locaiton in the body.

Answer 3

Neuroendocrine hormones

Question 4

What is the type of H that is secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and affect neighboring target cells of a different type?

Answer 4

Paracrine H’s

Question 5

What type of H is secreted by cells into the extracelullar fluid and affect the fxn of the same cells that produce them?

Answer 5

Autocrines

Question 6

This is the structure of H secreted by the anterior and posterior pituitary gland, the pancreas, and parathyroid.

Answer 6

Protein H’s

Question 7

What is the structure of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex, the ovaries, the testes, and the placenta?

Answer 7

Steroid H’s

Question 8

Which AA are the Hormones secreted by the thyroid and the adrenal medulla made from?

Answer 8

Tyrosine

Question 9

While the protein H’s are synthesized in the RER, what are the cleaved preprohormones turned into?

Answer 9

Prohormones

Question 10

Where are the peptide hormones then sent after the RER?

Answer 10

Golgi

CGA to be specific

Question 11

What happens in the golgi to the prohormones before secretion?

Answer 11

prohormones –> active hormones

Question 12

Which ion triggers exocytosis of secretory vesicles?

Answer 12

Ca++

Question 13

Which molecule are steroid H’s made from?

Answer 13

Cholesterol

Question 14

Where are large stores of cholesterol esters stored in the cell to be rapidly metabolized for steroid synthesis?

Answer 14

Cytoplasmic vacuoles

Question 15

Where in the target cell are the steroid receptors? Peptide receptors?

Answer 15

Steroids- in the cytoplasm or nucleus

Peptide- extracellular R’s (can’t cross lipid bilayer like steroids)

Question 16

Which hormones have a longer 1/2 life? water or lipid soluble?

Answer 16

Lipid

Question 17

This is the concept where the product of a hormone synthesis pathway will supress its stimulus.

Answer 17

Negative feedback

Question 18

So if you have a problem with the gland that secretes a hormone, what will be the levels of the trophic hormone that stimulates the gland? increased or decreased?

Answer 18

Increased

(eg. if u screw up the thyroid like in hashimotos, you decrease TH –> no neg feedback to ant pit and hypothal –> ↑ TRH and TSH)

Question 19

What will downregulation of receptors do the the tissues responsiveness to the hormone?

Answer 19

Decrease responsiveness

Question 20

Which subunit of the G-protein receptor dissociates from the trimeric complex and associated with other intracellular signaling proteins?

Answer 20

alpha

Question 21

Once a lipid soluble H binds to its receptor inside the cell,what is the sequence of DNA called that the H-R complex binds to?

Answer 21

Hormone Response Element (HRE)

Question 22

What are the 2 main phopholipids that PLC breaks down from PIP2?

(Gq pathway)

Answer 22

PIP2 –> IP3 + DAG

Question 23

What ion does IP3 mainly regulate?

Answer 23

Ca++

Question 24

What is the main target for DAG?

Answer 24

PKC

Question 25

What is the main effect of steroid H’s on gene expression?

Answer 25

Steroid H’s increase the synthesis of proteins in target cells

(remember they bind to HRE’s)