hormones in reproduction

Question 1

what happens during puberty (relate to hormones)

Answer 1

reproductive hormones are released which cause secondary sex characteristics to develop

Question 2

main male reproductive hormone

Answer 2

testosterone

Question 3

main female reproductive hormone

Answer 3

oestrogen

Question 4

one egg is released approximately every … days?

Answer 4

every 28 days, in a process called ovulatmion

Question 5

what are the 4 key processes of the menstrual cycle

Answer 5

1) maturation of egg
2) thickening and maintenance of uterus lining
3) release of an egg from ovary
4) shredding of uterus lining (menstruation) or pregnancy

Question 6

female secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 6

• hips widen
• pubic/body hair grows
• breast development
• sexual drive develops
• menstruation

Question 7

male secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 7

• production of sperm begins
• broader shoulders
• voice deepens slightly
• sexual drive develops

Question 8

sequence of hormones in the menstruation cycle

Answer 8

1) FSH is secreted by the pituitary glands, stimulating the production of oestrogen and causing the eggs to mature
2) oestrogen stimulates the production of FSH and causes the lining of the uterus to thicken. It limits the production of FSH
3) LH stimulates the production of progesterone and it stimulates release of egg at day14( ovulation). production of oestrogen is inhibited.
4) Progesterone is produced from empty follicles and inhibits the production of LH and FSH.
It also maintains the lining of the uterus

Question 9

What happens when progesterone levels fall

Answer 9

uterus lining sheds

Question 10

when is the follicular phase

Answer 10

days 1-14

Question 11

when is the luteal phase

Answer 11

days 14-28

Question 12

what does FSH stimulate and do

Answer 12

causes eggs to mature
stimulates production of oestrogen

Question 13

what does oestrogen stimulate and inhibit, and do?

Answer 13

stimulates production of LH
inhibits prod. of FSH
causes uterus lining to thicken

Question 14

what does LH stimulate and inhibit and do?

Answer 14

stimulates production of progesterone
inhibits production of oestrogen
it stimulates the release of an egg at day 14

Question 15

what does progesterone inhibit

Answer 15

inhibits production of FSH and LH

Question 16

what does progesterone do

Answer 16

maintains the lining of the uterus :
allows cycle to restart
OR
allows correct preparation for fertilised egg to implant

Question 17

where is oestrogen produced

Answer 17

ovaries

Question 18

where is progesterone produced

Answer 18

empty follicles

Question 19

name some chemical methods of contraception

Answer 19

-contraceptives
-injections, implants and skin patches
-IUDs

Question 20

what does contraception do

Answer 20

aims to prevent pregnancy

Question 21

what are contraceptive pills and what do they do

Answer 21

pills which contain hormones to inhibit progesterone production.
there are two types

Question 22

what are the two types of contraceptive pills

Answer 22

progesterone only
combination: oestrogen and progesterone

Question 23

disadvantages of contraceptive pills

Answer 23

you might forget to take it, resulting in pregnancy
lots of side effects

Question 24

advantages of contraceptive pills

Answer 24

very reliable if taken correctly

Question 25

what do injections, implants and skin patches do

Answer 25

slowly release progesterone into the blood stream, to inhibit maturation and release of eggs for a number of months or years

Question 26

disadvantages of injections and implants

Answer 26

must be inserted by a medical professional

Question 27

advantages of injections and implants and skin patches

Answer 27

lasts for several months

Question 28

What does an IUD do

Answer 28

prevent the implantation of an embryo or they release a hormone

Question 29

different types of IUD

Answer 29

plastic IUD copper IUD

Question 30

what does a copper IUD do

Answer 30

releases low levels of copper ions which disable sperm cells

Question 31

what does a plastic IUD do

Answer 31

produces progesterone which stimulates production of a thick mucus lining, preventing sperm from reaching any eggs

Question 32

advantages of IUD

Answer 32

lasts for several years

Question 33

disadvantages of an IUD

Answer 33

must be inserted by medical professional and can cause heavy, painful periods

Question 34

what is sterilisation

Answer 34

-when the oviducts in a woman are cut and tied -when the sperm ducts in a man are cut and tied so sperm cannot reach the egg

Question 35

advantages of sterilisation

Answer 35

permanent and effective, no need to use hormonal or barrier contraception

Question 36

disadvantages of sterilisation

Answer 36

very difficult to reverse if couple decide to have children

Question 37

advantages of abstinence during fertile window

Answer 37

no need for hormonal or barrier contraception

Question 38

disadvantages of abstinence during fertile window

Answer 38

difficult to predict fertile window, so it is unreliable

Question 39

advantages of a condom/diaphragm

Answer 39

prevents spread of STIs no need for hormonal contraception

Question 40

disadvantages of a condom/diaphragm

Answer 40

may break during intercourse, resulting in pregnancy

Question 41

what is infertility

Answer 41

the long term inability to achieve or maintain a successful pregnancy

Question 42

what causes infertility

Answer 42

- oviducts are damaged/blocked by infection - a donor egg needs to be used (pre-mature menopause) - no obvious cause - a man produces very few sperm or sperm that doesn't mature correctly - low motility

Question 43

what hormones can be taken as a 'fertility drug'

Answer 43

LH and FSH which trigger ovulation

Question 44

disadvantages of IVF treatment

Answer 44

- increased likelihood of multiple pregnancies ( twins, triplets etc.), resulting in premature birth -costly if it is not successful (you would need to do multiple rounds) - emotionally and physically stressful - could lead to OHS, where too many eggs develop in the ovaries, causing swelling and pain

Question 45

disadvantages of fertility drugs

Answer 45

a lot of side effects

Question 46

what does a short pregnancy length mean

Answer 46

baby has a lower weight and the risk of death in birth increases

Question 47

main steps of IVF treatment

Answer 47

1) patient is given hormone therapy (LH and FSH) to allow eggs to mature and stimulate release of multiple eggs 2) eggs are harvested from patient via surgery 3) sperm sample collected 4) eggs are fertilised by sperm cells (by injection) to form zygotes 5) zygotes divide to form embryos in an incubator at a warm temperature 6) embryos implanted into patient's uterus

Question 48

describe how mature eggs are used in IVF so a woman may become pregnant

Answer 48

1) sperm sample is collected and injected into the egg to fertilise it, forming a zygote 2) zygote divides by mitosis in an incubator to form embryos 3) embryos are implanted back into the patient's uterus

Question 49

what can premature birth cause

Answer 49

it can cause the baby to be underweight

Question 50

advantages of IVF

Answer 50

- allows people to have babies of their own - has a safe track record - unused eggs can be donated to couples or used for research