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biology - Y11 > hormones in reproduction > Flashcards

hormones in reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

what happens during puberty (relate to hormones)

A

reproductive hormones are released which cause secondary sex characteristics to develop

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2
Q

main male reproductive hormone

A

testosterone

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3
Q

main female reproductive hormone

A

oestrogen

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4
Q

one egg is released approximately every … days?

A

every 28 days, in a process called ovulatmion

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5
Q

what are the 4 key processes of the menstrual cycle

A

1) maturation of egg
2) thickening and maintenance of uterus lining
3) release of an egg from ovary
4) shredding of uterus lining (menstruation) or pregnancy

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6
Q

female secondary sexual characteristics

A
  • hips widen
  • pubic/body hair grows
  • breast development
  • sexual drive develops
  • menstruation
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7
Q

male secondary sexual characteristics

A
  • production of sperm begins
  • broader shoulders
  • voice deepens slightly
  • sexual drive develops
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8
Q

sequence of hormones in the menstruation cycle

A

1) FSH is secreted by the pituitary glands, stimulating the production of oestrogen and causing the eggs to mature
2) oestrogen stimulates the production of FSH and causes the lining of the uterus to thicken. It limits the production of FSH
3) LH stimulates the production of progesterone and it stimulates release of egg at day14( ovulation). production of oestrogen is inhibited.
4) Progesterone is produced from empty follicles and inhibits the production of LH and FSH.
It also maintains the lining of the uterus

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9
Q

What happens when progesterone levels fall

A

uterus lining sheds

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10
Q

when is the follicular phase

A

days 1-14

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11
Q

when is the luteal phase

A

days 14-28

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12
Q

what does FSH stimulate and do

A

causes eggs to mature
stimulates production of oestrogen

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13
Q

what does oestrogen stimulate and inhibit, and do?

A

stimulates production of LH
inhibits prod. of FSH
causes uterus lining to thicken

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14
Q

what does LH stimulate and inhibit and do?

A

stimulates production of progesterone
inhibits production of oestrogen
it stimulates the release of an egg at day 14

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15
Q

what does progesterone inhibit

A

inhibits production of FSH and LH

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16
Q

what does progesterone do

A

maintains the lining of the uterus :
allows cycle to restart
OR
allows correct preparation for fertilised egg to implant

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17
Q

where is oestrogen produced

A

ovaries

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18
Q

where is progesterone produced

A

empty follicles

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19
Q

name some chemical methods of contraception

A

-contraceptives
-injections, implants and skin patches
-IUDs

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20
Q

what does contraception do

A

aims to prevent pregnancy

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21
Q

what are contraceptive pills and what do they do

A

pills which contain hormones to inhibit progesterone production.
there are two types

22
Q

what are the two types of contraceptive pills

A

progesterone only
combination: oestrogen and progesterone

23
Q

disadvantages of contraceptive pills

A

you might forget to take it, resulting in pregnancy
lots of side effects

24
Q

advantages of contraceptive pills

A

very reliable if taken correctly

25
Q

what do injections, implants and skin patches do

A

slowly release progesterone into the blood stream, to inhibit maturation and release of eggs for a number of months or years

26
Q

disadvantages of injections and implants

A

must be inserted by a medical professional

27
Q

advantages of injections and implants and skin patches

A

lasts for several months

28
Q

What does an IUD do

A

prevent the implantation of an embryo or they release a hormone

29
Q

different types of IUD

A

plastic IUD
copper IUD

30
Q

what does a copper IUD do

A

releases low levels of copper ions which disable sperm cells

31
Q

what does a plastic IUD do

A

produces progesterone which stimulates production of a thick mucus lining, preventing sperm from reaching any eggs

32
Q

advantages of IUD

A

lasts for several years

33
Q

disadvantages of an IUD

A

must be inserted by medical professional and can cause heavy, painful periods

34
Q

what is sterilisation

A

-when the oviducts in a woman are cut and tied
-when the sperm ducts in a man are cut and tied
so sperm cannot reach the egg

35
Q

advantages of sterilisation

A

permanent and effective, no need to use hormonal or barrier contraception

36
Q

disadvantages of sterilisation

A

very difficult to reverse if couple decide to have children

37
Q

advantages of abstinence during fertile window

A

no need for hormonal or barrier contraception

38
Q

disadvantages of abstinence during fertile window

A

difficult to predict fertile window, so it is unreliable

39
Q

advantages of a condom/diaphragm

A

prevents spread of STIs
no need for hormonal contraception

40
Q

disadvantages of a condom/diaphragm

A

may break during intercourse, resulting in pregnancy

41
Q

what is infertility

A

the long term inability to achieve or maintain a successful pregnancy

42
Q

what causes infertility

A
  • oviducts are damaged/blocked by infection
  • a donor egg needs to be used (pre-mature menopause)
  • no obvious cause
  • a man produces very few sperm or sperm that doesn’t mature correctly - low motility
43
Q

what hormones can be taken as a ‘fertility drug’

A

LH and FSH which trigger ovulation

44
Q

disadvantages of IVF treatment

A
  • increased likelihood of multiple pregnancies ( twins, triplets etc.), resulting in premature birth
    -costly if it is not successful (you would need to do multiple rounds)
  • emotionally and physically stressful
  • could lead to OHS, where too many eggs develop in the ovaries, causing swelling and pain
45
Q

disadvantages of fertility drugs

A

a lot of side effects

46
Q

what does a short pregnancy length mean

A

baby has a lower weight and the risk of death in birth increases

47
Q

main steps of IVF treatment

A

1) patient is given hormone therapy (LH and FSH) to allow eggs to mature and stimulate release of multiple eggs
2) eggs are harvested from patient via surgery
3) sperm sample collected
4) eggs are fertilised by sperm cells (by injection) to form zygotes
5) zygotes divide to form embryos in an incubator at a warm temperature
6) embryos implanted into patient’s uterus

48
Q

describe how mature eggs are used in IVF so a woman may become pregnant

A

1) sperm sample is collected and injected into the egg to fertilise it, forming a zygote
2) zygote divides by mitosis in an incubator to form embryos
3) embryos are implanted back into the patient’s uterus

49
Q

what can premature birth cause

A

it can cause the baby to be underweight

50
Q

advantages of IVF

A
  • allows people to have babies of their own
  • has a safe track record
  • unused eggs can be donated to couples or used for research

biology - Y11 (2 decks)

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