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Biochem Sem 3 > Hormones Biochem 1-3 > Flashcards

Hormones Biochem 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

3 physiological communication systems of the body

A

Nervous, endocrine, immune system

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2
Q

Mediates communication of nervous system

A

Neurotransmitter

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3
Q

Messenger of the endocrine system

A

Hormones

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4
Q

Messenger of the immune system

A

Cytokines

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5
Q

Hormones acting on adjacent cells

A

Paracrine

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6
Q

Hormones acting on cells in which they were synthesized

A

Autocrine

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7
Q

Hormones with receptors in the membrane

A

Protein (hydrophilic) hormones

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8
Q

Hormones with receptors located inside the cell

A

Steriod (lipophilic) hormones

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9
Q

What is the binding of hormone to specific receptors stimulating a cascade of reactions called?

A

Signal transduction

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10
Q

Types of hydrophilic hormone receptors

A

G-protein-coupled receptors, Jak/STAT kinase cascade

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11
Q

Effect of protein hormone binding to GPCR

A

GDP displaced by GTP. GTP is then hydrolyzed to GDP by the intrinsic GTPase activity

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12
Q

Effector of Gs

A

Adenylyl Cyclase stimulated

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13
Q

Effector of Gi

A

Adenylyl Cyclase inhibited

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14
Q

Effector of Gq

A

Phospholipase C stimulated

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15
Q

What does adenylyl cyclase convert?

A

ATP to cAMP

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16
Q

What does cAMP stimulate?

A

protein kinase A

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17
Q

What does activated protein kinase A do?

A

Phosphorylates proteins

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18
Q

Stimulates membrane bound guanylyl cyclase

A

Atrial natriuretic factor

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19
Q

Stimulates souble guanylyl cyclase

A

NO

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20
Q

What does cGMP stimulate?

A

Protein Kinase G

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21
Q

What does protein kinase G do?

A

Phosphorylates smooth muscle proteins to relax smooth muscle and vasodilate

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22
Q

Cascade of activated Gq protein

A

Phospholipase C stimulated, PIP2 cleaved into DAG and IP3

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23
Q

Action of insulin binding to intracellular kinase cascade

A

Receptor is phosphorylated, Insulin receptor substrates are phosphorylated, this results in the stimulation of a number of different kinases

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24
Q

Receptors in the cytosol bound to heat shock proteins

A

Cytosolic receptors

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25
Q

2 types of lipophilice hormone receptors

A

Cytosolic and Nuclear receptors

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26
Q

Pathway of cytosolic receptors

A

Hormone binds in cytosol, HSPs displaced, allowing the complex to migrate into the nucleus. Complex binds to hormone response element, which affects the transcriptions of the gene either negatively or positively

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27
Q

Pathway of nuclear receptors

A

Binding of hormones occurs in the nucleus, complex bind to HRE and affects the transcription of the gene

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28
Q

Master control center of endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

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29
Q

What hormones from the pituitary use the Jak/STAT cascade?

A

GH and prolactin

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30
Q

What hormones from the pituitary use GPCR?

A

TSH, FSH, LH (use Gs/ adenylyl cyclase stimulated cAMP pathway)

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31
Q

What determines the biological activity of the hormone?

A

the beta subunit

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32
Q

What hormones are derived from POMC?

A

ACTH, MSH, Lipotropin, endrophins

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33
Q

hormone that decreases pain perception and causes euphoria

A

Endorphins

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34
Q

Where are the hormones produced in the hypothalamus stored?

A

Posterior pituitary

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35
Q

Principle hormones of the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin and vasopressin

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36
Q

Carrier proteins for oxytocin and vasopressin

A

Neurophysins

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37
Q

Main regulator hormone of body fluid osmolarity

A

ADH

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38
Q

Hormone that stimulates lactation and uterine contraction during delivery

A

Oxytocin

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39
Q

Oxidizes Iodide to I+

A

thyroperoxidase (found only in thyroid tissue)

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40
Q

How are T3 and T4 released into circulation?

A

Lysosomal proteases degrade the thyroglobulin to release amino acids and T3/T4

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41
Q

Carrier proteins for thyroid hormones

A

Thyroxin binding globulin and thyroxin binding prealbumin

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42
Q

What increases the half life of thyroid homrones?

A

Binding of hormones to carrier proteins

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43
Q

Converts T4 into T3

A

Deiodinase

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44
Q

What do T3 receptors do to T3?

A

Inactivate it

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45
Q

What does parathyroid hormone activate?

A

Adenylyl cyclase, stimulating bone reabsoprtion, increasing serum Ca2+ and depressing plasma Pi, Pi secretion stimulated in the kidney

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46
Q

Major form of vitamin D in the blood

A

25(OH)-D3

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47
Q

Hypocalcemia results in marked increases of what?

A

1 alpha-hydroxylase activity

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48
Q

Active biological form of vitamin D

A

1,25 (OH)2-D3

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49
Q

Where is calcitonin produced?

A

C cells of thyroid

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50
Q

Effect of calcitonin

A

Lowers ciruclating Ca2+ and Pi levels, increases Ca2+ excretion in the urine

51
Q

Hormone secreted by cardiac muscle when sodium chloride intake is increased and when the volume of the extracellular fliud expands

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

52
Q

Effects of ANP

A

natriuresis, diuresis, systemic vasodilation, inhibition of aldosterone secretion

53
Q

What do the pacreatic beta cells produce?

A

Insulin

54
Q

Effects of insulin

A

Increases glucose uptake/utilization, increases lipogenesis, general anabolic effects

55
Q

What type of receptor does insulin bind to?

A

Tyrosine Kinase receptor

56
Q

What do alpha cells of pancreas produce?

A

Glucagon

57
Q

Effect of glucagon?

A

increases lipid mobilization and glycogenolysis to increase blood glucose levels

58
Q

What do the f cells of the pancrease produce?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

59
Q

Function of pancreatic polypeptide

A

Increase glycogenolysis, regulation of GI activity

60
Q

What do delt cells of pancrease produce?

A

Somatostatin

61
Q

Function of delt cells

A

inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion

62
Q

What is NE and Epi derived from?

A

Tyrosine

63
Q

What receptors does NE bind to?

A

Beta2 adrenergic

64
Q

What type of receptor does Epi bind to?

A

All catecholamine receptors

65
Q

Converts NE into Epi

A

PNMT (Phenylethanolamine-N-Methyltransferase)

66
Q

Where is PNMT found?

A

Brain and adrenal medulla (glucocorticoids stimulate PNMT in medulla)

67
Q

Adrenergic receptor coupled to Gq

A

Alpha 1, results in increased Ca and smooth muscle contraction

68
Q

Adrenergic receptor coupled to Gi

A

Alpha 2, decreases neurotransmitter release and decreases cAMP activity resulting in smooth muscle contraction

69
Q

Adrenergic receptor coupled to Gs

A

Beta, increases intracellular cAMP, which results in: heart muscle contraction, smooth muscle relaxation, glycogenolysis

70
Q

Where are endocrine hormones secreted in the GI system?

A

Mucosal glands

71
Q

Appetite stimulation hormone

A

Ghrelin

72
Q

Hormone that stimulates acid and pepsin secretion

A

Gastrin

73
Q

Potentiates glucose-dependent insulin secretion and inhibits glucagon secretion

A

Glucagon-like peptide 1

74
Q

Stimulates the release of HCO3 and H2O

A

Secretin

75
Q

Increases secretion of digestive enzymes from pancreas

A

Cholecystokinin

76
Q

Relaxes GI, inhibits acid and pepsin secretion

A

Vasoactive intestinal peptide

77
Q

Suppresses glucose-induced insulin secretion

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

78
Q

Controls feeding behavior and energy homeostasis

A

Neuropeptide Tyrosine

79
Q

Regulates overall body weight by limiting food intake, increases energy expenditure

A

Leptin

80
Q

Increases insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation

A

Adiponectin

81
Q

Induces insulin resistance

A

Resistin

82
Q

Steroids produced in adrenal cortex

A

Cortisol, aldosterone, androgans, DHEA, andorstenedione

83
Q

Steroids produced in testis

A

Testosterone

84
Q

Steriods produced in ovaries

A

Estrogens (estradiol, estriol, estrone), progesterone

85
Q

What are steriod hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

86
Q

First step in making steriod from cholesterol

A

Removal of side chain

87
Q

Rate limiting step of Pregnenolone synthesis

A

STAR transports cholesterol to mitochondria, is ACTH dependent in adrenal

88
Q

3 main tissue regions of adrenal cortex

A

Zona: glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis

89
Q

Regulates body levels of sodium and potassium

A

Mineralocorticoid

90
Q

Regulates carbohydrate metabolism

A

Glucocorticoid

91
Q

Action is similar to that of steriods produced by the male gonads

A

Androgens

92
Q

Enzyme only found in the zona glomerulosa

A

Aldosterone synthase

93
Q

Where does cortisol synthesis occur?

A

Zona fasciculata

94
Q

Where does androgen synthesis occur?

A

Zona reticularis

95
Q

Liver derived glycoprotein that binds to the majority of cortisol

A

Corticosteriod binding alpha2-globulin

96
Q

What cells form testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

97
Q

What is more potent that testosterone?

A

Dihydrotestosterone

98
Q

Produced in Sertoli cells

A

Androgen-binding protein, stimulated by testosterone and FSH

99
Q

Pathway to stimulate testosterone synthesis

A

GnRH from hypothalamus, stimulates anterior pituitary, LH made and stimulates testis cells for testosterone production, FSH stimulates spermatogenesis

100
Q

Main estrogen of ovary stimulated by FSH

A

17beta-estradiol

101
Q

Regulation of ovulation

A

Hypothalamus secretes GnRH, stimulating anterior pituitary to secrete FSH, FSH stimulates follical development in the ovary, LH stimulates ovulation

102
Q

Main site of sex hormone binding globulin metabolism

A

Liver

103
Q

Steriod that maintains pregnancy

A

Estrogens

104
Q

Mimics action of progesterone

A

Progestins

105
Q

Steriod with similar activity to LH secreted by the placeta

A

Chorionic gonadotropin

106
Q

Sterios that acts like prolactin and GH, is secreted by the placenta

A

Placental lactogen

107
Q

Produced in the ovarian corpus luteum, inhibits myometrial contractions, secretion increases during gestation

A

Relaxin

108
Q

3 hormones produced by kidneys

A

Renin; 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol; erythropoietin

109
Q

What endocrine organ secretes melatonin?

A

Pineal gland

110
Q

What cells produce renin?

A

JG cells

111
Q

What is a substrate for renin?

A

Angiotensinogen (produced in the liver)

112
Q

Potent vasoconstrictor and a potent stimulator of aldosterone production

A

Angiotensin II

113
Q

Produced in the skin of mammals from 7-dehydrocholesterol by the action of sunlight

A

Vitamin-D3, aka cholecalciferol

114
Q

Where is 25-hydroxycholeciferol converted?

A

Proximal tubules of the kidney

115
Q

Vitamin D deficiency in children

A

Rickets

116
Q

Facilitates Vitamin D3 formation

A

PTH

117
Q

What is markedly increased in bolod levels in anemia?

A

Erythropoietin

118
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced?

A

Endothelial cells of peritubular capillaries of the renal cortex and the liver

119
Q

Endocrine gland attached to the posterior region of the epithalamus

A

Pineal gland

120
Q

Hormone that inhibits breast cancer cell growth

A

Melatonin

121
Q

A large variety of polypeptice growth factors that work on human tissues and cells

A

Autocoids

122
Q

Result of a reduction in GH levels

A

Loss of weight and body mass

123
Q

Side effects of hormone replacement therapy

A

Heart attacks, cancer, breast cancer

Biochem Sem 3 (2 decks)

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