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biological- hormones and sexual development > hormones and sexual development > Flashcards

hormones and sexual development Flashcards

1
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

a non synaptic form of communication, uses hormones/chemicals, named from the greek word Mormon meaning to excite, useful for coordinating long lasting changes in the body

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2
Q

what are amine hormones

A

synthesised from one amino acid e.g. adrenaline, thyroxine, noradrenaline

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3
Q

what are peptide and protein hormones

A

hormones made from multiple amino acids e.g. insulin

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4
Q

what are steroid hormones

A

made from cholesterol e.g. oestrogen, progesterone, testosterone

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5
Q

what is the pineal gland

A

realises melatonin- increases sleepiness, influences the sleep/wake cycle, role in the onset of puberty

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6
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A

influences the release of hormones by the pituitary gland

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7
Q

what is the thyroid gland

A

releases thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine), primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism, helps regulate growth and maturation

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8
Q

what is the parathyroid gland

A

releases parathyroid hormone, regulates calcium levels within the blood and bones

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9
Q

what is the thymus gland

A

releases thymosin, supports the body’s immune responses, particularly active in children- defence against disease

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10
Q

what is the adrenal cortex

A

releases mineralcorticoids- Aldosterone (reduces salt in kidneys, controlling blood pressure and volume) and glucocorticoids- cortisol (stimulates the liver to increase blood sugar, increases the metabolism of proteins and fats)

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11
Q

what is each adrenal gland divided into

A

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

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12
Q

what is the adrenal medulla

A

releases adrenaline and noradrenaline which prepare the body for fight/flight

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13
Q

what does the pancreas do

A

maintains blood sugar levels and releases insulin (helps glucose move from the blood to cells where energy is needed) and glucagon (releases glucose stored in the liver into the bloodstream)

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14
Q

what does the ovaries do

A

releases oestrogen (promotes female sexual characteristics) and progesterone (helps prepare the uterus for/and maintain pregnancy)

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15
Q

what does the testes do

A

releases androgens (male sex hormones inc testosterone, promotes sperm production, pubic hair growth, male sexual characteristics)

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16
Q

what are the tropic hormones

A

influence the release of other hormones. Most tropic hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary gland

17
Q

what is sometimes called the master gland

A

the pituitary gland

18
Q

what is the anterior pituitary gland

A

stimulates growth in childhood, stimulates the thyroid gland, increases steroid hormones by adrenal gland, increases sexual hormones

19
Q

what is the posterior pituitary

A

milk release in nursing mothers, sexual pleasure, constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure

20
Q

what controls the posterior pituitary gland

A

controlled by nerves originating from the hypothalamus

21
Q

what controls the anterior pituitary gland

A

controlled by blood borne factors released by the hypothalamus

22
Q

what is the posterior pituitary gland controlled by

A

by nerves originating from the hypothalamus

23
Q

what is the anterior pituitary gland controlled by

A

by blood borne factors released by the hypothalamus

24
Q

what is hormone regulation released by

A

the nervous system, non hormonal chemicals in the blood, hormones

25
Q

what is negative feedback

A

the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary sense when there is enough of a particular hormone in blood circulation and stop releasing their trophic hormones

26
Q

what has the potential to turn into ovaries at week 0-6

A

the cortex of each primordial gonad

27
Q

what has the potential to turn into testis at week 0-6

A

the medulla of each primordial gonad

28
Q

what is the wolffian system

A

precursors of the male reproductive ducts, store sperm

29
Q

what is the mullerian system

A

precursors of the female reproductive ducts, uterus, upper vagina, fallopian tubes

30
Q

what did dr wu say

A

that all vertebrate embryos are female, they just require am extra hormone at the right developmental stage to make them male

31
Q

what is turner syndrome

A

only one X chromosome is present and fully functioning- no ovaries present for the baby, cant have children, no y chromosome- testes don’t develop

32
Q

what is androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

Caused by a genetic mutation that prevents the formation of functioning androgen receptors, the born child appears to be a girl but there are no ovaries/uterus- cant have children

33
Q

what is persistent mullerian duct syndrome

A

child is born with both sex organs

biological- hormones and sexual development (1 decks)

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