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The Patient Y3 semester 1 > Hormones and reproduction > Flashcards

Hormones and reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Name the two anterior pituitary hormones in the menstrural cycle:

A

FSH and LH

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2
Q

What are the two ovarian hormones?

A

Estradiol and progesterone. (steroids)

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3
Q

What hormone stimulates recovery of endometrium?

A

Oestrogen (as endometrium grows back, oestrogen increases)

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4
Q

Describe the chronology of reproduction in women:

A
  • Oocytes stored, quiescent in ovaries whilst in utero (during foetal life)
  • Menarche at 12 years (puberty) – reactivates oocytes
  • Menopause at 51 years
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5
Q

What is puberty also known as?

A

Menarche.

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6
Q

If you ovulated the whole way through to menopause without ovulating that would equate to ____ cycle.

A

468

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7
Q

Name the 3 different phases of the menstrual cycle:

A

Menses, follicular phase and luteal phase.

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8
Q

Describe the menses phase:

A

Menstrual phase begins on the first day of menstruation and lasts till the 5th day of the menstrual cycle.
The uterus sheds its inner lining of soft tissue and blood vessels which exits the body from the vagina in the form of menstrual fluid.

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9
Q

Describe the follicular phase:

A

Follicular phase = day 1-13.

  • The pituitary gland secretes a hormone that stimulates the egg cells in the ovaries to grow.
  • One of these egg cells begins to mature in a sac-like-structure called follicle.
  • It takes 13 days for the egg cell to reach maturity.
  • While the egg cell matures, its follicle secretes a hormone that stimulates the uterus to develop a lining of blood vessels and soft tissue called endometrium.

Ovulation then occurs on day 14.

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10
Q

Describe the luteal phase:

A

This phase begins on the 15th day and lasts till the end of the cycle. The following events occur during this phase:

The egg cell released during the ovulation phase stays in the fallopian tube for 24 hours.
If a sperm cell does not impregnate the egg cell within that time, the egg cell disintegrates.
The hormone that causes the uterus to retain its endometrium gets used up by the end of the menstrual cycle. This causes the menstrual phase of the next cycle to begin.

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11
Q

When does ovulation occur and what happens.

A

Day 14.
Start with a highy vascular follicle
Follicle ruptures, egg passes and corpus luteum left.

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12
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

Surface of ovary post egg release (lasts for a week unless rescued in pregnancy)

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13
Q

What are the gondatrophins?

A

Polypeptide hormones (LH and FSH). They regulate steroid production.

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14
Q

Name a structural feature of oestrogen that none of the other steroids have:

A

Aromatic ring

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15
Q

Briefly describe progesterone synthesis:

A

Acetate –> cholesterol –> pregnenolone –> Progesterone

Cholesterol is the biosynthetic precursor of all the steroid hormones

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16
Q

Briefly describe estrone synthesis:

A

Acetate –> cholesterol –> pregnenolone –> DHEA–> androstnenedione –> estrone

17
Q

What compounds give rise to oestrogen compounds:

A

Androgens.

18
Q

What enzyme is involved - when androgen is converted to oestrogen?

A

The enzyme aromatase

19
Q

Definition of a target tissue:

A

Target tissue is defined as a tissue that expresses a receptor

20
Q

The major steroid receptors are intracellular (nuclear). True or false?

A

True

21
Q

Describe the common properties of steroid hormones receptors:

A
  • They are proteins that have two binding sites, one for steroid and the other for DNA
  • Binding of the steroidal ligand produces a complex that acts on DNA. When the steroid is present it is able to pass through the membrane because it is lipid solube, engages with the receptor and that complex binds to the DNA and alters the mRNA.
  • Binding of the complex to sites on DNA alters the repertoire of genes being expressed by target cells
22
Q

Why do gondatrophins need receptors at the cell surface?

A

Because they are water soluble.

23
Q

How is production of the gonadotrophins

regulated?

A

HPO (hypothalamic pituitary ovarian) axis is what controls the regulation of the production of gondatrophins.

24
Q

Describe the HPO axis.

A

Hypothalamus -(GnRH)–> Anterior pituitary –> Gondatrophin release –> Ovary

The gonadotrophins control sex steroid production AND follicle maturation/ ovulation

25
Q

Describe Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH):

A

10 amino acids: Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly

  • Acts at GnRH receptor
  • a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR).
  • Stimulates release of FSH & LH

GnRH release is pulsatile:
o (frequency important
oRegulated by sex steroids)

26
Q

FSH is stimulated by ___ GnRH pulse frequencies.

A

Slow

27
Q

LH is stimulated by ___ GnRH pulse frequencies.

A

Fast

28
Q

Describe the pharmacology of Buserelin:

A
  • an agonist at the GnRH receptor.

- It can stimulate FSH and LH production,

29
Q

Long term constant levels of Buserelin cause:

A

o GnRHR down-regulation
o resulting insensitivity to GnRH
o loss of production of FSH and LH

30
Q

How is does leptin control puberty?

A
  • high fat levels leads to an increase in Leptin
  • Leptin stimulates kisspeptin neurone
  • This stimulates the GnRH neurone
  • Stimulates the anterior pituitary
  • Increased gonadotrophins = menarche (puberty)
31
Q

What is early puberty associated with?

A
  • Early puberty is associated with higher risks of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease in women and men.
  • Increasing age at menarche is associated with higher risks for osteoporosis but lower risks for breast cancer.
32
Q

How do anti-estrogens work?

A
  • A pure antiestrogen such as faslodex (fulvestrant / ICI 182780) binds the estrogen receptor and blocks its ability to activate target genes
  • The long-standing anti-breast cancer drug tamoxifen is a partial antagonist/ partial
    agonist
33
Q

Name some definitions of the menopause:

A
  • Menopause – permanent cessation of ovarian activity usually said to have occurred after 12 consecutive months of amenorrhoea
  • Perimenopause – period before menopause and 1st year after it
  • Climacteric – transition from reproductive life to non-reproductive state
34
Q

Female life expectancy in relation to menopausal age:

A
  • Age-adjusted mortality is reduced 2% with each increasing year of age at menopause.
  • In particular, ischemic heart disease mortality is 2% lower.
  • The risk of death from uterine or ovarian cancer is increased by 5%, but these are less common.
  • The net effect of a later menopause is an increased lifespan

The Patient Y3 semester 1 (17 decks)

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