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Biology Option D > Hormones and metabolism > Flashcards

Hormones and metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What are endocrine glands and what do they do?

A
  • Glands that secrete hormones into the blood
  • Part of the endocrine system
  • Major endocrine glands: pituitary, pineal, thymus, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas
  • Men in their testes and women in their ovaries
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2
Q

What do the target tissues of hormones have?

A
  • The organs consist of cells with receptor sites for a given hormone
  • The target tissue of a hormone consists of cells that have receptor sites for the hormone
  • The target tissue can be found in a gland or organ or scattered throughout the body
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3
Q

What are hormones? What are the two types?

A
  • Chemical messengers secreted by cells or glands that control and regulate the activity of bodily functions
  • Can be either proteins or steroids, most in humans are proteins
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4
Q

Give example of two groups of steroid hormones.

A
  • Sex hormones (progesterone, oestrogen, testosterone)
  • Adrenal cortex hormones (cortisol, aldosterone)
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5
Q

What type of hormone is adrenaline, where is it produced, what organs does it target and what is its function?

A
  • A.k.a epinephrine
  • Produced in adrenal medulla
  • Targets heart muscles and skin
  • Activates fight-or-flight response
  • Protein hormone
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6
Q

What type of hormone is thyroxin, where is it produced, what organs does it target and what is its function?

A
  • Produced in thyroid gland and targets most organs
  • Accelerates metabolic processes, stimulates growth and development, increase heart rate
  • Protein hormone
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7
Q

What type of hormone is insulin and glucagon, where is it produced, what organs does it target and what is its function?

A
  • Both produced in the pancreas
  • Insulin targets muscle cells and fat cells. Promotes absorption of glucose
  • Glucagon targets the liver. Converts stored glycogen to glucose
  • Protein hormone
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8
Q

What type of hormone is oxytocin, where is it produced, what organs does it target and what is its function?

A
  • Produced in hypothalamus, targets uterus and mammary glands
  • Involved in milk production and metabolism
  • Protein hormone
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9
Q

What type of hormone is growth hormone (somatotropin), where is it produced, what organs does it target and what is its function?

A
  • Produced in anterior pituitary gland
  • Targets muscle, liver and bones
  • Involved in growth
  • Protein hormone
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10
Q

What type of hormone is ADH, where is it produced, what organs does it target and what is its function?

A
  • Produced in the hypothalamus
  • Targets the kidney
  • Involved in water re-absorption and homeostasis
  • Protein hormone
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11
Q

What type of hormone is TSH, where is it produced, what organs does it target and what is its function?

A
  • Produced in anterior pituitary gland
  • Targets thyroid
  • Stimulates thyroxin production
  • Protein hormone
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12
Q

What type of hormone is FSH, where is it produced, what organs does it target and what is its function?

A
  • Produced in pituitary gland
  • Targets ovary or testes
  • Involved in maturation of follicle/sperm production
  • Protein hormone
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13
Q

What type of hormone is cortisol, where is it produced, what organs does it target and what is its function?

A
  • Produced in adrenal cortex and targets many organs
  • Increases blood sugar, suppress immune system, aid in metabolism
  • Steroid hormone
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14
Q

What type of hormone is Oestrogen, where is it produced, what organs does it target and what is its function?

A
  • Produced in ovary, placenta, fat cells, muscle and brain
  • Targets many organs
  • Involved in secondary sexual characteristics, increase uterine growth and endometrium
  • Steroid hormone
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15
Q

What type of hormone is Progesterone, where is it produced, what organs does it target and what is its function?

A
  • Produced in ovary and targets the uterus
  • Function is to maintain endometrium
  • Steroid hormone
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16
Q

What type of hormone is Testosterone, where is it produced, what organs does it target and what is its function?

A
  • Produced in testes, ovary and adrenal cortex
  • Targets many organs
  • Involved in male secondary sexual characteristics
  • Anabolic affect (growth)
  • Steroid hormone
17
Q

How is hormone secretion regulated?

A
  • Positive or negative feedback
  • Negative feedback when the output of a hormone inhibits the secretion of another hormone
18
Q

How are hormone concentrations regulated?

A
  • Synthesis, the rate of production regulated by positive or negative feedback
  • Delivery, endocrine glands regulate this by blood flow
  • Elimination, hormones are metabolised and excreted once their half-life is over
19
Q

How do steroid hormones effect a target cell?

A
  • These hormones synthesised from cholesterol in the ovaries or testes and in the adrenal gland
    1. They are fat soluble and can pass through the phospholipid bilayer of a membrane
    2. Inside the cell, the hormone binds to receptor in the cytoplasm, forms hormone-receptor complex
    3. The hormone-receptor complex moves into the nucleus and binds with DNA and promotes or inhibits transcription of specific genes
    4. The receptor of the complex undergoes conformational change when it enters the nucleus, can now bind to specific nucleotide sequences (control transcription of specific genes)
    5. If steroid is a promoter, transcription will occur
20
Q

How do protein/peptide hormones effect a target cell?

A
  1. The peptide hormone bind to specific protein receptors in the plasma membrane of the target cell
  2. This activates the release of G protein on the other side of the membrane
  3. Once the G protein and hormone are coupled, the G-protein actives a secondary messenger (cAMP), that triggers a cascade reaction inside the cell
  4. The cascade of reactions produce a cell response, activates or inhibits enzymes (muscle relaxation)
21
Q

What do athletes do to enhance performance?

A
  • Take human growth hormone (HGH) or somatotropin (protein hormone)
  • Regulates bone and muscle growth, can be used to induce anabolic effects
  • Reduces body fat mass, increases body cell mass and sprint capacity if administered with testosterone
  • Break down of triglyceride and suppresses their ability to take up new lipids
  • Stimulates protein anabolism in tissues
22
Q

What are consequences of taking supplemented HGH?

A
  • Increase in size of testes and ovaries, impaired spermatogenesis, growth of male breasts
  • Pychiatric disturbance
  • Toxic to the liver
  • Raised LDL (bad cholesterol), reduced HDL
  • Hypertension
  • Increased platelet aggregation
  • Exaggerated left ventricle growth
  • Increased risk for CHD
23
Q

What is the hypothalamus and what functions does it control?

A
  • It is a section in the brain that takes part in endocrine, autonomic and behavioural functions
  • Maintains homeostasis by connecting endocrine and nervous system
  • Controls the release of 8 hormones by the pituitary gland
  • Regulates temperature, food an water intake
  • Controls daily cycles, sexual behaviour and emotional responses
24
Q

Explain the structure of the pituitary gland.

A
  • The hypothalamus controls hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland
  • The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus in the brain by a slender stalk
  • Hormones secreted by the pituitary gland control growth, developmental changes, reproduction and homeostasis
25
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland do? Explain the function of the two hormones it secretes.

A
  • Composed of nervous tissue
  • Stores and secretes hormones made by the hypothalamus (e.g. ADH and oxytocin)
  • Contains neurosecretory cells
  • The ADH acts on kidneys by increasing the re-absorption of water, reduces amount of water lost in urine
  • Oxytocin acts in uterus, increasing contractions during birth, induce milk discharge in lactation
26
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

A
  • Produces prolactin (milk production)
  • LH and FSH (growth of follicles and ovulation or sperm formation)
  • TSH (activates thyroxin production)
  • ACTH (acts on adrenal glands inducing production of cortisol)
  • GH (stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration of bones)
27
Q

How does the hypothalamus control hormone secretion at the anterior pituitary gland?

A
  • Secretes hormones directly into the blood
  • Hypothalamus contains neurons that do not directly release hormones but secrete releasing or release-inhibiting factors to regulate release of hormones at anterior pituitary gland
28
Q

What is lactation and how is it stimulated?

A
  • The secretion of milk by mammary glands (exocrine glands) in mammals
  • Controlled by prolactin and oxytocin
  • Infant suckling sends messages to the brain, stimulates pituitary gland to release prolactin and oxytocin
  • Process controlled by positive and negative feedback
29
Q

How does prolactin stimulate lactation?

A
  • Produced by anterior pituitary and stimulates mammary glands to grow
  • Stimulates milk production
  • Prolactin binds to the mammary epithelial cell receptors, stimulates synthesis of mRNA of milk proteins
  • Oestrogen inhibits prolactin, so milk only available after birth (negative feedback)
29
Q

How does prolactin stimulate lactation?

A
  • Produced by anterior pituitary and stimulates mammary glands to grow
  • Stimulates milk production
  • Prolactin binds to the mammary epithelial cell receptors, stimulates synthesis of mRNA of milk proteins
  • Oestrogen inhibits prolactin, so milk only available after birth (negative feedback)
  • (protein hormone)
30
Q

How does oxytocin stimulate lactation?

A
  • Produced by hypothalamus, released by posterior pituitary gland
  • Induces milk release by contraction of muscles around lobules into milk ducts
  • (peptide hormone)
  • Suckling stimulates oxytocin release (positive feedback)
31
Q

Why is iodine necessary and what can a deficiency cause?

A
  • Helps in thyroid hormone production, since hypothalamus sends message to anterior pituitary to produce TSH —> activates thyroid glands to produce thyroxin
  • Essential nutrient
  • A deficiency causes the thyroid gland to inhibit thyroxin production, decrease negative feedback on pituitary gland, hence more TSH production
  • Causes thyroid glands to enlarge = goitre
32
Q

What are symptoms of iodine deficiency disease (IDD)?

A
  • Miscarriage, stillbirth, impaired physical development in children, intellectual disability, goitre or cretinism
  • To avoid: use iodized salt

Biology Option D (6 decks)

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