Hormones Flashcards
Epinephrine
Source: Adrenal Medulla
Targets: Many
Stimulates and Coordinates fight/fright/flight response
Regulation of Release: stimulated by physical or perceived stress
Insulin
Source: Pancreas
Targets: Most body cells and liver
Lowers blood glucose
Regulations of Release: Blood Glucose Levels
Glucagon
Source: Pancreas
Targets: Liver, Muscles and Adipose Tissue
Raises Blood Glucose
Regulation of Release: Blood Glucose Levels
Glucose-dependent Insulintropic Peptide (GIP)
Source: Small Intestine
Targets: pancreas
Increases insulin release in response to blood glucose
Regulation of Release: Stimulated by presence of chime in small intestine
Ghrelin* also has a role in digestion
Source: Stomach
Targets: Brain
Increase hunger when stomach is empty and stimulates GH release from the pituitary; increases intestinal motility
Regulation of Release: Full stomach inhibits release; may be regulated by sleep and the biological clock
Thyroid Hormone T3 and T4
Source: Thyroid Gland
Targets: Most Body Cells
Increases metabolism, particularly ATP producton and Sodium (NAK) pump activity
Regulation of Release: Stimulated by TSH
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Source: Anterior Pituitary
Targets: Thyroid gland
Causes synthesis and release of thyroid hormone
Regulation of Release: TRH stimulates and thyroid hormones inhibits
TSH-releasing hormone (TRH)
Source: Hypothalamus
Targets: Anterior pituitary
Causes release of TSH and can cause release of PRL
Regulation of Release: Other brain areas; low body temps increase and thyroid hormone inhibits
Growth Hormone (GH)
Source: Anterior Pituitary
Targets: Liver, muscles, and bones; most cells
Directly and via somatomedins causes growth
Regulation of Release: GHRH stimulates and GHRIH inhibits
Somatomedins (IGF)
Source: Liver, Cartilage, muscle
Targets: Long bones, skeletal muscle
Causes growth
Regulation of Release: Stimulated by GH
GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) somatocrinin
Source: Hypothalamus
Targets: Anterior pituitary
Increases growth hormone release
Regulation of Release: Other brain areas; sleep and hypoglycemia
GH-release inhibiting hormone (GHRIH); somatostatin
Source: Hypothalamus
Targets: Anterior Pituitary
Decreases GH release and also decrease TSH release
Regulation of Release: other brain areas
Cortisol
Source: Adrenal Cortex
Targets: Liver, adipose tissue, muscle
Raises blood glucose levels
Regulation of Release: Stimulated by ACTH
Adrenocoritcotropin (ACTH)
Source: Anterior Pituitary
Targets: Adrenal Cortex
Increase synthesis and secretion of glucocorticoids
Regulation of Release: CRH stimulates; glucocorticoids inhibits
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Source: Hypothalamus
Targets: Anterior pituitary
Causes release of ACTH
Regulation of Release: Other brain areas and negative feedback by cortisol and ACTH
Leptin
Source: Adipocytes
Targets: Brain
Increase satiety and decrease hunger to decrease caloric intake
Regulation of Release: Stimulated by level of fat storage in adipocytes
Adiponectin
Source: Adipocytes
Targets: Many Targets
Appears to increase insulin effects (sensitivity); anti-inflammatory and anti-arthrogenic
Regulation of Release: triglyceride (fat) storage inhibits release; inflammation may inhibit release also
Osteocalcin
Source: Bone (osteoblasts)
Targets: Pancreas
Increases insulin release; increases insulin sensitivity; adipocytes - decreases adiponectin and fat; may increase testosterone production by testis
Regulation of Release: Sympathetic innervation reduces release; bone remodeling stimulates
Erythropoietin
Source: Kidney
Targets: Bone Marrow
Stimulates RBC production
Regulation of Release: Lack of Oxygen (hypoxia)
Hepcidin
Source: Liver
Targets: Intestines
Reduces iron absorption
Regulation of Release: increased by inflammation and iron
Gastrin
Source: Stomach
Targets: Stomach
Stimulates gastric motility and HCI secretion
Regulation of Release: Stimulated by presence of food in the stomach or thoughts and smells of foods
Secretin
Source: Small Intestine
Targets: Pancreas and Liver
Increases HCO3 secretion and potentiates CCK actions at pancreas and liver
Regulation of Release: Stimulated by presence of chime in small intestine
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Source: Small Intestine
Targets: Pancreas, liver, and Gall bladder
Increases pancreatic enzyme secretion; causes gall bladder contraction and bile synthesis and secretion; potentiates secretin activity
Regulation of Release: Stimulated by presence of chime in small intestine
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)
Source: Small Intestine
Targets: Small Intestine
Increases secretion of electrolytes and smooth muscle relaxation; may cause vasodilation in local area
Regulation of Release: Stimulated by presence of chime in small intestine
Oxytocin
Source: Posterior Pituitary
Targets: Breasts - milk let down
Urogenital tract; uterine contractions at parturition, released during orgasm
Regulation of Release: Sucking of infant on breast; dilation of cervix; other neural stimuli
Prolactin (PRL)
Source: Anterior pituitary
Targets: Breasts
increased milk production
Regulation of Release: gonadal steroids and lactation
Dopamine
Source: Hypothalamus
Targets: Anterior pituitary
Inhibits PRL release
Regulation of Release: Higher brain centers
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Source: Anterior Pituitary
Targets: Gonads
Causes germ cell maturation and hormone synthesis in the gonads
Regulation of Release: GnRH stimulates; gonadal hormones inhibits
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Source: Anterior Pituitary
Targets: Gonads
Causes germ cell maturation and steroid synthesis
Regulation of Release: GnRH stimulates; gonadal steroids inhibit
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Source: Hypothalamus
Targets: Anterior pituitary
Causes LH and FSH synthesis and release
Regulation of Release: Gonadal hormones inhibit and other brain areas stimulates
Testosterone
Source: Testes and Ovaries
Targets: Testes, brain, other tissues
Stimulates sperm production and male secondary sex characteristics and libido
Regulation of Release: Stimulated by LH in testes
Inhibin
Source: Testes or Ovary
Targets: Anterior pituitary
Decreases release of FSH
Regulation of Release: Stimulated by FSH in testes and ovaries
Estrogen
Source: Ovary
Targets: Ovarian follicle, uterus, brain, other tissue
Stimulates follicle maturation, uterus, female secondary sex characteristics
Regulation of Release: Stimulated by LH and FSH
Progesterone
Source: Ovary
Targets: Uterus, brain, other tissue
Stimulates uterus, supports pregnancy and lactation
Regulation of Release: Stimulated by LH
Melatonin** seasonal changes with biological clock
Source: Pineal Gland
Targets: Brian to help regulate rhythms - particularly seasonal changes
Regulation of Release: light and biological clock in hypothalamus regulate release
Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) = Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Source: Posterior Pituitary
Targets: Kidneys
Increase water reabsorption I.e. less urine
Regulation of Release: Blood pressure and osmolality
Aldosterone
Source: Adrenal Cortex
Targets: Kidney
Stimulate retention of sodium NA+
Regulation of Release: Stimulated by angiotensin II and some stimulation by ACTH
Angiotensin II (AII)
Source: Conversion in blood
Targets: adrenal cortex
Stimulates the synthesis and release of aldosterone
Regulation of Release: Formed from angiotensin 1 following release of renin into the blood stream
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP/ANH or brain NP)
Source: Heart
Targets: Kidney and posterior pituitary
Stimulates excretion of Sodium and water by decreasing release and effect of aldosterone and AVP
Regulation of Release: stimulated by high blood pressure and stretch of the right atrium (ANP) or ventricle (BNP)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Source: Parathyroid gland
Targets: bone, intestine, kidney
increases blood calcium levels
Regulation of Release: Blood calcium levels
Vitamin D3 = calcitrol
Source: body plus sunshine
Targets: bones, intestine, kidney
increase blood calcium levels
Regulation of Release: PTH stimulates and sunshine required
Calcitonin
Source: C cells of the Thyroid
Targets: Bone
Decrease blood calcium levels and counteracts high calcitriol during pregnancy and lactation protecting maternal bone health
Regulation of Release: blood calcium levels - decrease in pregnancy
