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MCAT- Hormones > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Peptide Hormones

  • Binding Site
  • Site of Synthesis
  • Hydrophobicity/ Hydrophilicity
  • Storage
  • General Functions
  • Long/ Short Lasting Effects?
A
  • Bind external receptors on the cell surface
  • Synthesized in the ER and modified in the Golgi
  • Hydrophilic (when in the bloodstream, can dissolve within the plasma)
  • Can’t cross biological membranes without specific transport mechanisms
  • Stored in vesicles
  • Large products
  • Communicate with the cell interior via secondary messenger systems (catalytically activated by binding)
  • -> Leads to signal amplification, which alter the activity of enzymes within the cytoplasm.
  • Short lasting effects
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2
Q

Steroid Hormones

  • Binding Site
  • Site of Synthesis
  • Hydrophobicity/ Hydrophilicity
  • Storage
  • General Functions
  • Long/ Short Lasting Effects?
A
  • Synthesized from cholesterol in the SER.
  • Highly hydrophobic, so steroid hormones can enter biological membranes passively.
  • Thus, steroid hormones are not stored, but are synthesized as they are needed.
  • Small products
  • Steroid hormones travel in the blood stream attached to carrier proteins (such as albumin).
  • Steroids diffuse into the cell in which they enter the nucleus and increase the transcription of genes in the nucleus.
  • Much slower effects
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3
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

–A ductless gland whose secretory products are picked up by capillaries supplying blood to the region.

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4
Q

What is an exocrine gland?

A

–Secrete their products into the external environment by ways of ducts, which empty into the GI lumen or the external world.

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5
Q

What is a tropic hormone?

A
  • Hormones which regulate the release of other hormones.

- -> Ex. ACTH released from the anterior pituitary acts on the adrenal cortex to release cortisol.

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6
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

When the increased product of one hormone inhibits the production of substrates earlier in the pathway.

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7
Q

Which are the 2 portal systems vital to circulating hormones in the body?

A
  1. Hypothalamic- Pituitary Portal System

2. Hepatic Portal System

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8
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A
  • Produced from the amino acid tyrosine in the thyroid gland
  • Comes in 2 forms (T3 and T4)
  • Produced from Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary, which is stimulated by Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus.
  • Thyroid Hormone increases metabolic rate & body temperature.
  • -Although TH is an amino acid- derived hormone, it alters transcription (resembling a steroid hormone) in the nucleus.
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9
Q

What Hormones are released from the Anterior Pituitary?

A

F –> Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
L –> Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
A –> Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
T –> Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
P –> Prolactin
I (ignore)
G –> Growth Hormone

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10
Q

What Hormones are released from the Posterior Pituitary?

A

Vasopressin (ADH)

Oxytocin

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11
Q

Name the pathway which leads to cortisol production in the adrenal cortex, starting from the hypothalamus.

A

The hypothalamus senses low blood cortisol, and releases Corticotropin- Releasing Hormone (CRH), which acts on the anterior pituitary to release ACTH. ACTH acts on the adrenal cortex to increase cortisol production.

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12
Q

Growth Hormone

A

Increases bone growth and increases cell turnover rate

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13
Q

Prolactin

A

-Increases mammary gland milk production

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14
Q

LH

A

Females:
Ovulation

Males:
Testes/ Testosterone Synthesis

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15
Q

FSH

A

Females:
Follicle/ Ovary Development

Males:
Testes/ Spermatogenesis

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16
Q

ADH / Vasopressin

A

Increases salt / water retention in the kidneys

increase blood volume / BP

17
Q

Oxytoxin

A 
Breast milk letdown 
Uterus contractions (+ feedback)
18
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A
  • Increases metabolic rate and body temperature

- Necessary for physical and mental development in children

19
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • Released from the thyroid (C cells)

- Acts on the bones and kidney’s to reduce blood calcium levels

20
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A
  • Released from the parathyroids

- Acts on the bone/ kidney and small intestine to raise blood calcium levels

21
Q

Thymosin

A
  • Secreted in children only

- Released from T cells during childhood

22
Q

Epinephrine

A
  • Secreted from the adrenal medulla
  • Modified amino acid hormone
  • Increases SNS responses (rapid)
23
Q

Cortisol

A
  • Secreted from the adrenal cortex
  • Longer-term stress response

Increase blood glucose and increases protein catabolism
Reduces inflammation and immunity

24
Q

Aldosterone

A
  • Secreted from adrenal cortex
  • ->Mineralcorticoid (steroid hormone)
  • Acts on the kidney to increase Na/ water absorption to increase absorption.
25
Q

How can an adrenal tumour lead to masculinization or feminization?

A

–A tumour of the adrenal gland can lead to an overproduction of sex steroids (the ones produced in the adrenal cortex) which can lead to masculinization or feminization.

26
Q

Insulin

A
  • Secreted from the Beta cells of the pancreas
  • Peptide hormone
  • Decreases blood glucose / increases the uptake of glucose into cells
  • Increases glycogen production
  • Absent or defective in diabetes mellitus
27
Q

Glucagon

A
  • Secreted from the alpha cells of the pancreas
  • Peptide hormone
  • Increases blood glucose / decreases the uptake of glucose in cells
  • Increases glycogen breakdown
28
Q

Somatostatin

A
  • Secreted from delta cells in the pancreas
  • Peptide hormone
  • Inhibits many digestive processes
29
Q

Testosterone

A
  • Steroid Hormone
  • Secreted by the Testes
  • Causes male secondary sexual characteristics
  • Contributes to spermatogenesis
30
Q

Estrogen

A
  • Steroid Hormone
  • Secreted by the Ovaries
  • Causes female sexual characteristics to develop
  • Contributes to endometrial growth (& contributes to the menstrual cycle)
31
Q

Progesterone

A
  • Steroid Hormone
  • Secreted by the Ovaries
  • Contributes to endometrial growth / necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy
32
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)

A
  • Peptide Hormone
  • Released from the heart in the response to high blood pressure from the baroreceptors in the aortic arch/ carotid sinus
  • Causes urination to decrease blood pressure
33
Q

Erythropoietin

A
  • Peptide Hormone
  • Released from the kidney
  • Acts in the bone marrow to increase RBC synthesis

MCAT- Hormones (1 decks)

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