hormones

Question 1

TSH secreted from where and where does it bring its action

Answer 1

TSH fr A.P. ; stimulates thyroid gland for it to release T4(MORE) AND T3 (LESS, BUT T3 HIGHER AFFINITY TO INTRACEL REC.)

Question 2

TRH released fr? where does it bring its action on?

Answer 2

hypothalamus; its stimulates A.P. to release TSH

Question 3

Type 1 diabetes: no insulin production

A patient has uncontrolled type 1 diabetes. What will happen?

Answer 3

Glycogenolysis by liver: increased glucose release by liver
(Bc no glucose can get in to cells without insulin, body thinks no glucose in blood so : glucose storage breaking down: like glucagon action)

Question 4

gluconeogenesis by

Answer 4

glucagon ( bc break down of storage)

Question 5

where u find steroid receptors?

Answer 5

nuclear memb, cytosol, in nucleus

Question 6

Hypothalamus & P.P. has what kinda connection

Answer 6

neuronal connection, PP hormones( vasopressin:ADH and Oxytocin are made in hypothal. but secreted fr P.P,

Question 7

Hypothal & A.P. has what kinda connection?

Answer 7

Vascular ( blood vessels), A.P. secretes its own hormones

Question 8

produced by thyroid follicular cells, then secreted into colloid of thyroid follicles, involved in synth. & storage of thyroid hormones (T3&T4)

Answer 8

thyroglobulin

Question 9

Hyperthyroidism (hi T3&T4) &Hypothyroidism (lo T3&T4) cause what?

Answer 9

Goitre; enlarged thyroid gland BC hi TSH so stimulates cell division in gland

Question 10

lo iodine intake: less T3&T4 synth by Throid gland ; -ve feedback loop lost; hi TSH : so goitre

Answer 10

Hypothyroidism

Question 11

autoimmune disease that act outside the HPT axis: result in hyperthyroidism
& act similar to TSH tho result in goitre but lo TSH &TRH when this disease bc loads T3&T4 : -ve feedback to A.P. & Hypo

Answer 11

Graves disease

Question 12

where does thyroid hormone acts? (tip: thyroid hormone is lipophilic)

Answer 12

intracellullar rec. so act on the nucleus of its target cell (or in cytosol, or on nuclear memb., or in nucleus)

Question 13

functions of thyroid hormone?

Answer 13

Sympathomimetic effect; acts like ADR&NA (incr. sensitivity to ADR &NA)
O2 consumotion inc
Heat production bc metabolic rate inc
Effect on growth and nervous syst.
Effect on cardiovascular syst. (inc HR & CO)

Question 14

NA &Adr secreted from where? what cells?

Answer 14

Adrenal medulla (inside bit), by chromaffin cells which are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons which secretes adr & NA into bloodstream (like endocrine syst. )

Question 15

Signals are amplified by?

Answer 15

second messengers (e.g. cAMP, Ca2+, IP3) & Phosphorylating cascades (e.g. MAP kinase cascade whn RTKs=enz.lnkd.rec.)

Question 16

B adrenergic rec:Gas, cAMP results in vasodilation in mucles & heart. How?

Answer 16

GTP bound Gas (active) : Adenyly cyclase: cAMP : active PKA: PKA phosphorylates MLCK: phosphorylated MLCK inactive : cannot results in vasoconstriction: vasodilation

Question 17

Phosphotases do what?

Answer 17

Remove P : oppos. to kinases

Question 18

phosphodiesterase does what?

Answer 18

whn B adr rec: activated Gas: Adenylyl cyclase: cAMP

cAMP is hydrolysed to AMP by phosphodiesterases (inactive) so signal off