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Pharmacology Exam 2 > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

androgens

A

testosterone 1* male androgen. used to treat disorders in men and women. hypogonadims males. HIV, CA both sexes. androgens: testosterone (gel, transdermal), fluoxymesterone, methyltestosterone

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2
Q

androgen prescribing highlights (anabolic steroids)

A

scheduled drugs. contra: male breast or prostate CA. preg cat X, lactation. dont use transdermal in women.

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3
Q

androgen ADRs

A

liver (hepatitis, hepatic neoplasm, cholestatic hepatitis, jaundice, hepatocellular CA). women: virilization, menstraul irregularities. men: gynecomastia, reduced sperm, less libido (high levels), depression

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4
Q

androgen clinical use

A

male climacteric, primary hypogonadal males, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. rational drug selection: IM vs PO vs transdermal vs newer nasal. aqueous vs oil IM preps.

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5
Q

androgen monitoring

A

serum T, lipids, liver fxn, CBC. men need PSA and digital prostate exam (increaed CA risk w/ lt therapy not as high as thought, unless already present). statins can decrease T on non clinically sig level

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6
Q

normal T range

A

250-110 ng/dL men, 2-45ng/dl women

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7
Q

estrogen products available

A

congugated equine estrogens (Premarin), esterified estrogen (estraidol, ethinyl estraidol), phytoestrogens

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8
Q

estrogen impact on body

A

bone density, normal skin and BV structure, increase serum triglycerides, improve HDL to LDL ratios, reduce bowel motility, enhance blood coag and fibrinolytic pathways, edema bc action on RAAS, maintain stability of thermoreg center

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9
Q

estrogen contras

A

estragen only contra in women with intact uterus. preg cat X, breast CA, estrogen-dependent neoplasm, active DVT/PE, past year stroke/MI, liver dysfunction, smokers

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10
Q

estrogen clinical use

A

contraception (combo estrogen, progest), releif peri and post menopause symptoms (Start on lowest dose, dont give unapposed dose to women w/uterus), vaginal atrophy and dryness (Cream, tabs, ring), osteoporosis

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11
Q

progesterones available

A

progesterone (Promethrium, Progesterone in Oil, Crinone, Procheive), medroxyprogesterone acetate (PRovera, Depo-PRovera), norethindrone/Aygestin, megestrol acetate/Megate

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12
Q

androgen derived progestins available

A

norethindrone, norethindrone acetate, ethynodial diacetate, norgestrol, desogestral, levonorogastrol, norestimate. dropserinone is a progestin dev from derivitive of spirolonactone

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13
Q

progesterones precautions and contraindications

A

depression, impaired liver function, breast CA, thromboembolitic disease, disorders that worsen with fluid retention, preg cat C for progesterone, preg cat X for norethindrone

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14
Q

progesterones ADRs

A

irreg bleed, amenhorea, acne,

injectible/implanted: weight gain, irreg menstrual bleed, osteoporosis

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15
Q

progesterones clinical use

A

post menopausal HRT when combo with estrogen when uterus intact. progestrin-only BC (norethindrone, DEpo-pRovera), progestin IUD Mirena

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16
Q

progesterones monitoring

A

depression, siezure increased risk if seizure disorder, DM monitorin BG

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17
Q

androgens in female puberty

A

skeletal growth spurt, pubic and axillary hair, sebacous gland activity, libido

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18
Q

effects of progestrin

A

thicken endometrium in prep for prego, thick cervical mucus and vag mucosa, relax smooth muscles of uterus and fallopian tubes; during prego maintain thick endometrium; reduced progestin leads to endometrial lining shed during period

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19
Q

menopausal changes

A

perimenopause cycles associated with elevated and irreg FSH, decreased inhibin, normal LH, slightly elevated estraoidol levels. menopause - no menses 12mos. vasomotor symptoms caused by estrogen level fluctiaonts. vaginal changes from low estrogen

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20
Q

goal of HRT in menopause

A

releif of symptoms assoc w menopause: prevent or lessen vasomotor symptoms, prevent or reduce vaginal atrophy, reduce risk osteo, ensure ben HRT outweigh risks

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21
Q

female menopause HRT contra and prec

A

not recc in cardiac disease. HRT may promote breast CA in older, not sure for younger. decreases risk of colon CA. osteo reduces risk but cant be prime reason to rx. inconsistent data on cog performance, sleep disturbance, skin change

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22
Q

starting and monitoring menopuase HRT

A

use lowest dose that releives symptoms for shortest time (up to 5y in menopause, longer with surgical menopause where ovaries removed). individualize drug choice and dose based on pt risk profile. monitor yearly

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23
Q

estrogen therapy

A

relief of perimenopause/postmenopause symptoms. start on lowest dose. no unopposed estrogen in those with intact uterus. symptoms start to imrpove 2 weeks, maximal effect 8 weeks. phytoestrogens and botanicals/herbals have inconstent results (red clover, soy, black cohosh, chaste tree fruit)

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24
Q

estrogen therapy for vulvovaginal atrophy and dryness

A

low dose 0.3-0.625mg/d improves symptoms. vaginal application can improve symptoms in 2 weeks ring or cream. topical application preferred d/t lower dose and no systemic effects

25
Q

estrogen therapy risks

A

unopposed estrogen if intact uterus: endometrial CA. combo HRT: CHD risk, may be r/t onset and duration of therapy. increaed risk of stroke and thromboembolitic

26
Q

progestin use

A

concraception or menorrhagea if alone. combo w/estrogen for post/peri menopausal women

27
Q

combined estrogen/progestin therapy

A

mulitiple combos available. cyclical or sequential therapy is used if breakthrough bleeding a problem (estrogen is taken daily; medroxyprogesterone is taken for part of the cycle 10-12 d, 14d, or M-F). estrogen is started at low dose 0.3mg every other day for 2 mos then increase to daily for 2 mos before increasing dose

28
Q

testosterone therapy in women

A

if menopause hot flashes dont improve with HRT/ERT, adding T may help. it must be combined with estrogen, or will cause masculinizing. acne is an issue

29
Q

monitoring with HRT

A

yearly H&P, yearly pelvic exam, yearly mammogram, LFTs at baseline, lipid profile at baseline, >45 screen for DM2. abnormal uterine bleeding requires biopsy.

30
Q

HRT outcome eval

A

successful treatment = symptom improvement. heavy menses 2gm drop in Hgb need referral to ru fibroids. any post menopuasal bleeding requires eval. urinary incontinence or chronic UTI requires eval.

31
Q

osteoporosis

A

bone loss occurs when imbalance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity. increased fx risk. Dx: bone densitiy 2.5 SD below ave. the bone is histologically and biochemically normal.

32
Q

bone impacts of estrogen

A

estrogen reduces bone resorbing action of PTH. PTH is released if serum calcium levels low and stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone.

33
Q

osteoporosis risk factors

A

fam hx, age >70, sight build, fair complexion, age, low Ca or Vit D diet, less sun exposure, weight <70kg, sedentary, l/t proton pump inhibitors, heavy tobacco or alcohol, anticonvulsants (phenobarbitol, phenytoin, carbamazepine), glucocorticoid use (>5mg/d >3mos), Asian (eat less Ca), AA have higher bone density but risk increases with age and they typically have low Ca intake

34
Q

treatment of osteoporosis

A

vit D and Ca TOGETHER prevent/treat. bisphosphonates reduce bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast activity. estrogen prevents bone resorption action of PTH. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) raloxifine/Evista has estrogenic effects on bone

35
Q

goals of treatment for osteoporosis

A

Rx must be safe, affordable, effective. prevention best treatment: adequate Ca + vit D, low impact bone stressing exercise (not swim)

36
Q

osteoporosis patient education

A

overall treatment plan: patho of disease, role of diet/caffeine/alc/smoke on risk of dev, importance of adquate ca/vit d regardless of treatment. admin of drug: drug interations, importance of being upright after biphosphonates

37
Q

osteoporosis outcome eval

A

osteopenia begins 2-5 years after menopause if no HRT/ERT, no evidence on how fast/if pt will dev osteoporosis. consider referral for complex pts or dont respond to rx

38
Q

DEXA screening is for

A

l/t estrogen deficient, vertebral abnormalities, to monitor osteoporosis treatment, l/t glucocorticoid or thyroid rx, with disease at risk for osteoporosis development, >40 with fracture, all women >65. additional considerations: smoker, BMI 20 or less, 127lb or less, surgical menopause <40, HRT for >10-15y, immobilitity >1y, premenopause with no bleed for >1y

39
Q

osteoporosis monitoring

A

before treatment, r/o other disorders that may cause low bone density (hyperparathyroid, vit D deficiency, hyperthyroid, renal disease). measure bone mineral density, DEXA scan gold standard. 10% loss = double fx risk

40
Q

biphosphonates vs estrogen

A

biphos no longer used for prevention. biphos first line for postmenopausal women and men >70 with osteoporosis. low dose estrogen maintains BMD.

41
Q

osteoporosisi cost considerations

A

cost of biphosphonates approximately the same per month. Ibandronate is only once a month. estrogen and estrogen/progesterone less expensive but must be prescribed for other primary issue (menopause symptoms)

42
Q

second line osteoporosis therapy

A

SERMS: Evista/reloxifene ; also protect against breast CA. Teriparatide (human PTH). reserved for highest risk patients who cant take biphosphonates (Cancer risk?). Denosumab very costly, only for highest risk patients

43
Q

progesterone effects on body

A

increase body temp, increase insulin levels, may depress CNS

44
Q

mechanism of prego prevention in BC

A

progestins primarily responsible for the contraceptive effect, they exhibit negative effect in hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. cause atrophy of endometrium, preventing implantation. estrogen part improves efficacy by suppressing FSH release, also provides cycle control

45
Q

estrogen and progestin in BC

A

ethinyl estradiol (EE) or mestranol + gen 1-4 progesterones. 1st gen: norethindrone (acetate), ethynodial diacetate. 2nd gen: norgestrol, levonorgestrol. 3rd gen: desogestrel, norgestimate. 4th gen: drosperinone (spirolonactone derivative), 19-noresterone derivative dienogest

46
Q

BC rational drug selection

A

start with absolute contras. delivery method of pt choice. fine tune based on bleeding pattern, SE profile. consider pts need for discretion, timing of subsequent prego. patient variables. all are similarly effective. cost : retail OC 30-70/cycle, generic OC some on $4 list, IUD upfront expense but lower overall

47
Q

other benefits of BC

A

decreased dysmenorhea/irregular bleed/blood loss, acne, hirstuism, ovarian cysts, sig reduce endometrial and ovarian CA risk, lower risk benign breast conditions (eg fibrocystic changes and fibroadenoma), reduced risk of hospital for GC PID, supression of endrometriosis for women who dont currently desire prego

48
Q

BC drug interactions and ADRs

A

TB drugs, antiepilieptics, St Johns WOrt. Lipide levels may be impacted by BC. ADRs: 3-5x higher risk thromboembolism for OC, cholestatic jaundice, benign hepatic neoplasms, MI, CVA, neurological migraines

49
Q

BC dosing regimens

A

traditional (21 day active drug, 7d inactive with withdrawal bleed), extended (84d then 7d, so period every 3 mos). monophasic (same estrogen and progestin dose all cycle), biphasic (varied progestin dose), triphasic (vary dose of estrogen, progestin, or both)

50
Q

BC starting methods

A

first day start (start 1st day period, no backup). Sunday start (first pill SUnday after period starts, backup first 7d, only have period during week), quick/same day start (first pill day of office visit, backup first 7 days)

51
Q

Ortho Evra topical patch

A

20mcg EE and 150mcg norelgestromin. applied weekly for 3weeks, then week off. start first day period, or other day if backup used. ADRs similar to OC. Weigh >198lb increaesd failure rate.

52
Q

Nuvaring

A

15mcg EE and 120mcg etongestrel daily. 3 weeks on 1 week off. better cycle control, less breakthrough bleed than OC. lower systemic exposure to EE

53
Q

progestin only BC pills

A

used when estrogen contra. effect through thick cervical mucus and prevention of sperm penetration. have to be diligent taking dose same time daily, if even a few hours late , backup needed for next 48h. common ADR: breast tender, changing bleed patterns

54
Q

Depo Provera (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate)

A

long acting progestin only injcatable contraception. one injection - 12-13wk ovulation supression, effective. disadvantages: weight gain, depression, spotting then amenhorea, black box: decreased bone density l/t use

55
Q

intrauterine progestin (Mirena IUD)

A

20mcg levonorgestrol daily. left up to 5y. only small level cirulating hormone, minimal SE systemically. changes in menstrual bleed, amenhorrea

56
Q

Implanon implantable progestin

A

rod contains 68mg etonogestrel, up to 3y

57
Q

emergency contraception

A

soon as possible <72h after unprotected sex, but can be up to 120hr. methods: combined OCs, Progestin only (Plan B, Next Choice), copper IUD

58
Q

BC monitoring

A

routine female screening (history, breast and pelvic exam, PAP and STI, BP). specific to contraception: history, BP. The others are not required to give rx. Monitor BP and ADRs at 3mos then yearly

Pharmacology Exam 2 (7 decks)

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