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Biology > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Hormone?

A

A chemical messenger

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2
Q

What is a target organ?

A

An organ that a hormone acts on or affects

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3
Q

What are the endoctrine glands?

A

Glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones into the blood

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4
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

It is in the brain, and produces many hormones that regulate body conditions. It is sometimes called the “master gland”because these hormones act on other glands, directing them to release hormones that bring about change.

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5
Q

What is the thyroid gland?

A

This produces thyroxine which is involved in regulating things like metabolism, heart rate, and temperature. It is in the throat.

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6
Q

What is the adrenal gland?

A

It produces adrenaline

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7
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

It prepares the body for “fight or flight”, by:

  • Increasing heart rate
  • Increasing blood pressure
  • Increasing blood flow to the muscles
  • Raised blood sugar level by stimulating the liver to change glycogen into glucose
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8
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

It produces insulin

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9
Q

What does insulin do?

A

This is used to regulate the blood glucose level

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10
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is about maintaining a constant internal environment, so cells cam carry out chemical reactions.

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11
Q

What does a body do on a cold day?

A
  • Vasoconstriction - body delivers blood away from the surface of the skin to avoid losing heat
  • Shivering: rapid muscle contraction to release heat
  • Heart beats faster to deliver blood quicker
  • Hairs stand up to trap a layer of warm air
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12
Q

What does the body do on a hot day?

A
  • Sweat, to transfer heat from your body to the surrounding environment
  • Vasodilation - blood vessels close to the skin’s surface widen to allow more heat to transfer to the environment
  • Hairs lie flat
  • Behaviour changes
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13
Q

What is glucose used for?

A

Glucose is used in respiration for energy

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14
Q

What is the formula for aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen + Glucose —energy—> water + carbon dioxide

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15
Q

What is the formula for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose —energy—> lactic acid

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16
Q

What is insulin?

A

Hormone released by beta cells in pancreas to lower blood sugar levels

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17
Q

What is glucagon?

A

Hormone released by pancreas to raise blood sugar levels

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18
Q

What happens if you have low glucose levels?

A

Lack of energy

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19
Q

What happens if you have high glucose levels?

A

Water from cells goes into blood stream; dehydration

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20
Q

Blood sugar high fix?

A
  • Detected in pancreas
  • Pancreas produces insulin
  • insulin makes liver and muscle cells take in glucose from your blood
  • glucose turns to glucagon (storage form)
  • glucose levels fall
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21
Q

Low glucose levels fix?

A
  • detected in pancreas
  • pancreas releases glucagon to the liver
  • liver turns glycogen into glucose to enter blood stream
  • glucose levels rise
22
Q

Diabetes type 1?

A

The body’s immune system attack and destroy the cells that make insulin in the pancreas

23
Q

Diabetes type 2?

A

The body’s cells don’t react to insulin, or the pancreas doesn’t release enough insulin

24
Q

Symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

A
  • feeling very thirsty
  • passing urine more frequently, particularly at night
  • feeling very tired
  • loss of weight and muscle bulk
25
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

Controlling the blood’s water content

26
Q

What organs play a role in osmoregulation?

A
  • kidney
  • pituitary gland
  • bladder
27
Q

What happens with too little water?

A

Cells are dehydrated and can potentially die

  • osmoregulators in pituitary gland detects change
  • release of ADH
  • kidneys put more water back into blood
  • blood water levels increase
28
Q

What happens with too much water?

A

Cells can swell up and burst

  • osmoregulators in pituitary gland detects change
  • less ADH is released
  • kidneys put more water into urine
  • blood water levels decrease
29
Q

What does the kidney do?

A

Clean the blood

30
Q

What does the vena cava do?

A

Send unoxidised blood to the heart

31
Q

What does the renal vein do?

A

Send cleaned blood from the kidney back to the heart

32
Q

What does the ureta do?

A

Sends urine from the kidneys to the bladder

33
Q

What does the bladder do?

A

Store urine

34
Q

What does the sphincter do?

A

Holds the bladder closed

35
Q

What does the urethra do?

A

Urine goes through this as it exits the body

36
Q

What does the renal artery do?

A

Sends blood into the kidney for cleaning, from the heart

37
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

Sends oxidised blood from the heart round the body

38
Q

What do kidneys do?

A
  • As protein is broken down, toxic urea is produced. This must be removed from the blood.
  • Kidneys remove it through ultrafiltration, and balance water content of the blood
39
Q

Blood cleaning process

A
  • in the nephron, ultrafiltration occurs at a microscopic level from the glomerulus to the Bowman’s Capsule
  • glucose is reabsorbed into the blood (active process)
  • ion concentration balanced in Henle’s loop
  • distal tubule releases/reabsorbs water in blood depending on ADH levels
40
Q

Causes of kidney failure

A
  • trauma
  • urea blockade
  • kidney stone
  • lack of water
41
Q

Haemodialysis?

A
  • Where the blood is cleaned outside the body using a dialysis machine
  • Used on hospitalised patients/people with End Stage Renal disease
  • Delivered over a total of 12-24 hours over 3-7 sessions a week
  • Pumps blood from patient through tubing into dialyser and back in, cleaning it along the way
  • wastes pass through membrane in dialyser and join the dialyste
  • controlled by a computer
42
Q

Organ donor requirements

A
  • must have similar tissue/blood type to patient

- need a donor

43
Q

Transplant advantages?

A
  • cheaper in the long run

- less time-consuming than dialyisis (gives people their life back)

44
Q

Metabolism?

A
  • includes all the reactions that are occurring in cells
  • this could be respiration, protein synthesis, building up carbohydrates and about 1000 others
  • resting metabolism is measured in a warm room when the body is at rest
45
Q

More thyroxine->??? Metabolism

A

High

46
Q

Less thyroxine-> ??? Metabolism

A

Low

47
Q

Thyroxine in blood

A

You need the right amount of thyroxine in the blood for whatever you’re doing

48
Q

How body keeps thyroxine levels correct?

A
  • detection of change
  • monitoring system
  • return to normal levels
49
Q

Too little thyroxine?

A
  • detected by hypothalamus
  • hypothalamus releases thyrotropin, releasing TRH
  • TRH tells pituitary gland to release TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
  • this targets the thyroid gland, and tells it to release more thyroxine to bring levels to normal
50
Q

Too much thyroxine

A
  • detected by hypothalamus
  • hypothalamus inhibits the release of TRH
  • this, in turn, tells tells the pituitary gland to release less TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
  • therefore, less thyroxine is released
51
Q

Underactive thyroid

A
  • tired
  • weight gain
  • depression
  • being sensitive to the cold
  • dry skin
  • muscle aches
52
Q

Over-active thyroid

A
  • nervousness, anxiety and irritability
  • mood swings
  • difficulty sleeping
  • sensitive to heat
  • persistent tiredness
  • swelling in neck

Biology (2 decks)

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