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Bio 211 Chpt 16 > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

Oxytocin function

A

Regulated by positive feedback produce more contractions until baby is born, initiates milk ejection

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2
Q

Oxytocin target cell

A

Uterus and breast

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3
Q

Oxytocin origin

A

Hypothalamus released by nureohypothesis

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4
Q

Antidiuretic hormone origin

A

Hypothalamus

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5
Q

Antidiuretic hormone target cell

A

Kidney

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6
Q

Antidiuretic hormone function

A

Inhibits peeing, stimulate kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water

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7
Q

Growth hormone origin

A

Adenohypophysis

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8
Q

Growth hormone target cell

A

Liver, muscles, bone, cartilage and other tissues

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9
Q

Growth hormone function

A

Direct action on metabolism, indirect action from IGF regulates secretion

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10
Q

Antidiuretic hormone homeostatic imbalance

A

Hypo- diabetes insipidus

Hyper- syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

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11
Q

Growth hormone homeostatic imbalance

A

Hypo- dwarfism in kids

Hyper- gigantism, acromegaly

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12
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone origin

A

Adenohypophysis

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13
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH target cell

A

Thyroid, every cell

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14
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone function

A

Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones

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15
Q

TSH homeostatic imbalance

A

Hypo- cretinism in children, myxedema in adults

Hyper- hyperthyroidism similar to Graves disease

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16
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormones origin

A

Adenohypophysis

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17
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone target cell

A

Adrenal cortex: zona faciculata and zona reticularis

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18
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone function

A

Promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens

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19
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone homeostatic imbalance

A

Hypo- rare

Hyper- cushings disease

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20
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone origin

A

Adenohypophysis

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21
Q

FSH target cell

A

Ovaries and testes

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22
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone function

A

Female: stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production
Men: sperm production

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23
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone homeostatic imbalance

A

Hypo- failure of sexual maturation

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24
Q

Luteinizing hormone origin

A

Adenohypophysis

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25
Q

Luteinizing hormone target cell

A

Ovaries and testes

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26
Q

Luteinizing hormone function

A

Female: triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone
Male: promotes testosterone production

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27
Q

Luteinizing hormone homeostatic imbalance

A

Hypo: failure of sexual maturation

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28
Q

Prolactin hormone origin

A

Adenohypophysis

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29
Q

Prolactin hormone target cell

A

Breast, secretory tissue

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30
Q

Prolactin function

A

Promotes lactation

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31
Q

Prolactin homeostatic imbalance

A

Hypo-poor milk production

Hyper- galactorrhea inappropriate production of milk, cessation of menses

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32
Q

Thyroid hormone origin

A

Thyroid

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33
Q

Thyroid hormone target cell

A

Every cell in the body

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34
Q

Thyroid hormone function

A

Glucose oxidation, increases metabolic rate, heat production, maintains blood pressure, regulates tissue growth. Developing skeletal and nervous system, maturation and reproductive abilities

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35
Q

Thyroid hormone homeostatic imbalance

A

Hypo: cretinism in infants myxedema in adults

Hyper: hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease, exophthalmos

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36
Q

Calcitonin origin

A

Thyroid gland

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37
Q

Antagonist to parathyroid hormone

A

Calcitonin

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38
Q

Calcitonin target cell

A

The skeleton inhibits osteoclasts activity “bone cell”

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39
Q

Calcitonin function

A

Lowers blood calcium levels in children, inhibits osteoclast activity. Takes calcium out of blood and puts it into the bone.

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40
Q

Parathyroid hormone origin

A

The glands embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid

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41
Q

Parathyroid hormone target cell

A

Osteocytes

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42
Q

Parathyroid hormone function

A

Controls calcium levels in the blood, stimulates osteoclast. Takes calcium out of the bone

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43
Q

Parathyroid hormone homeostatic imbalance

A

Hyper- hyperparathyroidism, osteitis fibrosa cystica, hypercalcemia
Hypo- hypothyroidism, tetany, hypocalcemia

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44
Q

Aldosterone origin

A

Adrenal cortex, zona glomerulosa

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45
Q

Aldosterone target cell

A

Kidneys

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46
Q

Aldosterone function

A

Raise blood sodium and lower blood potassium. Blood volume and blood pressure rise. Water absorption accompanies sodium retention

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47
Q

Cortisol origin

A

Adrenal cortex: zona fasciculata

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48
Q

Cortisol target cell

A

Body cells

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49
Q

Cortisol function

A

Promotes gluconeogenesis and hyperglycemia; mobilize fats for energy metabolism, stimulate protein catabolism, resist stress (glucocorticoids) and depresses inflammatory and immune responses

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50
Q

Cortisol homeostatic imbalance

A

Hypo: Addison’s disease

Hyper: cushings disease

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51
Q

Androgens origin

A

Adrenal cortex: zona reticularis

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52
Q

Androgens target cell

A

Ovaries and testes

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53
Q

Androgens function

A

Female: Contributes to libido, develops pubic and axillary hair and source of estrogen after menopause

Men: insignificant

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54
Q

Androgen homeostatic imbalance

A

Hyper: adrenogenital syndrome (masculinization in women)

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55
Q

ANP atrial natriuretic peptide origin

A

Heart

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56
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide target cell

A

Kidney and adrenal cortex

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57
Q

ANP atrial natriuretic peptide function

A

Kidney: decreases the amount of sodium in the extracellular fluid, reducing blood volume and pressure. Inhibits sodium ion reabsorption and renin release
Adrenal cortex: inhibits secretion of aldosterone

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58
Q

Erythropoietin EPO origin

A

Kidneys

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59
Q

Erythropoietin target cell

A

Red bone marrow

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60
Q

Erythropoietin function

A

Glycoprotein hormone that signals bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells

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61
Q

Cholecalciferol origin

A

Skin (epidermal cells)

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62
Q

Cholecalciferol target cells

A

Intestine

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63
Q

Cholecalciferol function

A

Stimulates active transport of dietary calcium across cell membranes of small intestine. Kidneys convert to calcitriol which helps intestines to absorb calcium

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64
Q

Leptin origin

A

Adipose tissue

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65
Q

Leptin target cell

A

Brain

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66
Q

Leptin function

A

Tells you how much stores energy you have. Binds to CNS neurons, suppresses appetite control, stimulates increased energy

67
Q

Gastrin origin

A

Stomach

68
Q

Gastrin target cell

A

Stomach

69
Q

Gastrin function

A

Paracrine that stimulates glands to release hydrochloric acid (Hcl)

70
Q

Ghrelin origin

A

Stomach (GI tract mucosa)

71
Q

Ghrelin target cell

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary

72
Q

Ghrelin function

A

Stimulates food intake and growth hormone release

73
Q

Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) orgin

A

Adrenal medulla

74
Q

Catecholamines target cell

A

Sympathetic nervous system and target organs

75
Q

Catecholamines function

A

Increase heart rate and metabolic rate, increase blood pressure by promoting vaso constriction

76
Q

Catecholamines homeostatic imbalance

A

Hyper: prolonged fight or flight response, hypertension

77
Q

Glucagon origin

A

Pancreas

78
Q

Glucagon target cell

A

Liver

79
Q

Glucagon function

A

Break down glycogen to glucose, synthesis of glucose from lactic acid, release of glucose to the blood by liver cells

80
Q

Glucagon homeostatic imbalance

A

Diabetes mellitus

81
Q

Insulin origin

A

Pancreas

82
Q

Insulin target

A

Liver and body cells

83
Q

Insulin function

A

Lower blood glucose levels, influences fat and protein metabolism

84
Q

Insulin homeostatic imbalance

A

Diabetes mellitus

85
Q

Estrogen/progesterone origin

A

Ovaries

86
Q

Estrogen/ progesterone target cells

A

Hypothalamus and uterus

87
Q

Estrogen/progesterone function

A

Maturation of reproductive organs and appearance of secondary sex characteristics of females at puberty. Promote breast development and cyclic changes in uterine mucosa

88
Q

Testosterone origin

A

Gonads/testes

89
Q

Testosterone target cell

A

Body cells, reproductive organ

90
Q

Testosterone function

A

Initiates maturation of male reproductive organs, causes secondary sex characteristics and sex drive. Sperm production, maintains sex organs in their functional state

91
Q

Melatonin origin

A

Pineal gland

92
Q

Melatonin target cell

A

Hypothalamus

93
Q

Melatonin function

A

Day/night cycles, show rhythmic variation (body temp, sleep, appetite)

94
Q

Thymopoietin/thymosin origin

A

Thymus

95
Q

Thymopoietin/thymosin target cell

A

T lymphocyte

96
Q

Thymopoietin/thymosin function

A

Trains T lymphocytes what to attack and what not to attack. Involved in T lymphocyte development and immune responses

97
Q

Releasing hormones origin

A

Hypothalamus

98
Q

Releasing hormone target cell

A

Anterior pituitary adenohypophysis

99
Q

Releasing hormones function

A

Stimulate the synthesis and release of hormones

100
Q

Inhibiting hormones origin

A

Hypothalamus

101
Q

Inhibiting hormones target cell

A

Adenohypophysis

102
Q

Inhibiting hormones function

A

Shut off the synthesis and release of hormones

103
Q

Permissiveness

A

One hormone cannot work without another hormone being present
Ex. Cortisol is required for full glucagon effect

104
Q

Humoral stimuli

A

Secretion of hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients
Ex. Concentration of calcium ions in blood

105
Q

Neural stimuli

A

Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

106
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

Release hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine organs

107
Q

Endocrine

A

Ductless glands dump hormonal product directly into capillaries

108
Q

Exocrine

A

Produce nonhormonal substances (sweat/saliva)routed to a membrane surface via ducts

109
Q

Neuroendocrine

A

Interaction between the nervous system and the Hormones of endocrine glands

110
Q

Autocrines

A

Chemicals that exert effects on the same cells other than those that secrete them

111
Q

Paracrines

A

Locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them

112
Q

Amino acid-based (proteins-based)

-Action

A

Second messengers

113
Q

Lipid-based (steroids)

Action

A

Direct gene activation

114
Q

Transcription/translation

A

DNA transcription produce mRNA, that mRNA is translated into proteins, which bring about a cellular effect

Transcription happens inside the nucleus where as translation happens outside the nucleus (a lipid is an internal receptor and a protein would be the external receptor)

115
Q

Target cell activation is based on what three factors?

A
  1. Blood levels of the hormone
  2. Relative number of receptors on the target cell
  3. The affinity of those receptors for the hormone
116
Q

Up-Regulation

A

Target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone

117
Q

Down-regulation

A

Target cells lose receptors in response to the hormone

118
Q

How do hormones circulate in blood?

A

Free or bound

119
Q

How are hormones removed from blood?

A

Degrading enzymes, the kidney, liver enzyme systems

120
Q

Chief (principal) cells secrete what?

A

Parathyroid hormone PTH

121
Q

Osteitis fibrosa cystica

A

Symptoms: soft deformed bones because it takes out the fiber

122
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Leads to depression of nervous system and formation of kidney stones

123
Q

Tetany

A

Convulsions

124
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Not enough calcium in the blood leads to excitability of nervous system and respiratory paralysis

125
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Neural tissue that acts as part of the sympathetic nervous system

126
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Glandular tissue derived from embryonic mesoderm

127
Q

Adrenal cortex three layers

A 
Zona glomerulosa-mineralocorticoids (salt) (chiefly aldosterone)
 Zona fasciculata-glucocorticoids 
(chiefly cortisol)
 Zona reticularis- gonadocorticoids 
(chiefly androgens)
128
Q

Renin-angiotensin mechanism

A

Kidney release renin, which is converted into angiotensin II that in turn stimulates Aldosterone (big al) release

129
Q

What hormones are attached to plasma proteins?

A

Steroids and thyroid hormone

130
Q

What are the endocrine glands?

A

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, and thymus

131
Q

What produces both Exocrine and endocrine products?

A

The pancreas and gonads

132
Q

Autocrine and paracrines are not considered true hormones why?

A

True hormones send long-distance chemical signals

133
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Biologically active lipids with local hormone like activity

134
Q

Target cells must-have what?

A

Specific receptors to which the hormone binds

135
Q

What receptors are found on nearly all cells of the body?

A

Thyroxine receptors

136
Q

The three cardinal signs of Diabetes mellitus

A

Polyuria-Huge urine output
Polydipsia- Excessive thirst
Polyphagia- Excessive hunger and food consumption

137
Q

Name three hyperglycemic hormones?

A

Glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol

138
Q

Iipolysis

A

A breakdown of lipids

139
Q

Glycosuria

A

Sugar in the urine

140
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

Ketones lower blood pH

141
Q

Ketonuria

A

Ketons in the urine

142
Q

What does Erythropoietin mean?

A

It makes erythrocytes

143
Q

What is the precursor of vitamin D?

A

Cholecalciferol

144
Q

Adipose tissue releases what?

A

Leptin

145
Q

What are acinar cells?

A

They Produce an enzyme rich juice used for digestion (Exocrine product)

146
Q

The islet of Langerhans contain what two major cell types?

A

Alpha cells that produce glucagon (red)

beta cells that produce insulin (blue)

147
Q

A 51-amino-acid protein that is a potent hypoglycemic agent

A

Insulin

148
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Chromaffin cell tumors

149
Q

How would you describe the relationship between insulin and glucagon?

A

They are antagonists

150
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

The breakdown of glycogen to glucose

151
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and non-carbohydrates

152
Q

Cushing’s disease

A

Due to glucocorticoid excess. Symptoms: Moon face and buffalo hump, loss in muscle and bone protein, hyperglycemia

153
Q

What is the more potent stimulator of the heart and metabolic activities?

A

Epinephrine

154
Q

What is more influential on peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure?

A

Norepinephrine

155
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Due to glucocorticoid hyposecretion symptoms: hypoglycemia, weight-loss, sodium levels fall potassium levels rise, dehydration hypotension, and darkening of skin

156
Q

Parafollicular cells produce what hormone?

A

Calcitonin

157
Q

What is colloid?

A

It fills the lumen of the follicles and is the precursor of thyroid hormone

158
Q

Graves disease

A

Hyperthyroid syndrome
symptoms: elevated metabolic rate because of more thyroid hormone, rapid heart rate, weight-loss despite adequate food intake and exophthalmus

159
Q

Calcitonin is an antagonist to

A

Parathyroid hormone

160
Q

Hypothyroid syndrome results in myxedema What are the symptoms?

A

Goiter because of its intake of iodine and feels chilled because of the caloriegenic affect

161
Q

LH is also referred to as well?

A

Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)

162
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Symptoms: copious urine, intense thirst, high amounts of blood glucose in Urine, ADH deficiency

163
Q

Aldosterone is antagonist to what hormone?

A

ANP atrial natriuretic peptide

Bio 211 Chpt 16 (1 decks)

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