Hormones Flashcards
1
Q
Oxytocin function
A
Regulated by positive feedback produce more contractions until baby is born, initiates milk ejection
2
Q
Oxytocin target cell
A
Uterus and breast
3
Q
Oxytocin origin
A
Hypothalamus released by nureohypothesis
4
Q
Antidiuretic hormone origin
A
Hypothalamus
5
Q
Antidiuretic hormone target cell
A
Kidney
6
Q
Antidiuretic hormone function
A
Inhibits peeing, stimulate kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water
7
Q
Growth hormone origin
A
Adenohypophysis
8
Q
Growth hormone target cell
A
Liver, muscles, bone, cartilage and other tissues
9
Q
Growth hormone function
A
Direct action on metabolism, indirect action from IGF regulates secretion
10
Q
Antidiuretic hormone homeostatic imbalance
A
Hypo- diabetes insipidus
Hyper- syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
11
Q
Growth hormone homeostatic imbalance
A
Hypo- dwarfism in kids
Hyper- gigantism, acromegaly
12
Q
Thyroid-stimulating hormone origin
A
Adenohypophysis
13
Q
Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH target cell
A
Thyroid, every cell
14
Q
Thyroid-stimulating hormone function
A
Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones
15
Q
TSH homeostatic imbalance
A
Hypo- cretinism in children, myxedema in adults
Hyper- hyperthyroidism similar to Graves disease
16
Q
Adrenocorticotropic hormones origin
A
Adenohypophysis
17
Q
Adrenocorticotropic hormone target cell
A
Adrenal cortex: zona faciculata and zona reticularis
18
Q
Adrenocorticotropic hormone function
A
Promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens
19
Q
Adrenocorticotropic hormone homeostatic imbalance
A
Hypo- rare
Hyper- cushings disease
20
Q
Follicle stimulating hormone origin
A
Adenohypophysis
21
Q
FSH target cell
A
Ovaries and testes
22
Q
Follicle stimulating hormone function
A
Female: stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production
Men: sperm production
23
Q
Follicle stimulating hormone homeostatic imbalance
A
Hypo- failure of sexual maturation
24
Q
Luteinizing hormone origin
A
Adenohypophysis
25
Luteinizing hormone target cell
Ovaries and testes
26
Luteinizing hormone function
Female: triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone
Male: promotes testosterone production
27
Luteinizing hormone homeostatic imbalance
Hypo: failure of sexual maturation
28
Prolactin hormone origin
Adenohypophysis
29
Prolactin hormone target cell
Breast, secretory tissue
30
Prolactin function
Promotes lactation
31
Prolactin homeostatic imbalance
Hypo-poor milk production
| Hyper- galactorrhea inappropriate production of milk, cessation of menses
32
Thyroid hormone origin
Thyroid
33
Thyroid hormone target cell
Every cell in the body
34
Thyroid hormone function
Glucose oxidation, increases metabolic rate, heat production, maintains blood pressure, regulates tissue growth. Developing skeletal and nervous system, maturation and reproductive abilities
35
Thyroid hormone homeostatic imbalance
Hypo: cretinism in infants myxedema in adults
Hyper: hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease, exophthalmos
36
Calcitonin origin
Thyroid gland
37
Antagonist to parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
38
Calcitonin target cell
The skeleton inhibits osteoclasts activity "bone cell"
39
Calcitonin function
Lowers blood calcium levels in children, inhibits osteoclast activity. Takes calcium out of blood and puts it into the bone.
40
Parathyroid hormone origin
The glands embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid
41
Parathyroid hormone target cell
Osteocytes
42
Parathyroid hormone function
Controls calcium levels in the blood, stimulates osteoclast. Takes calcium out of the bone
43
Parathyroid hormone homeostatic imbalance
Hyper- hyperparathyroidism, osteitis fibrosa cystica, hypercalcemia
Hypo- hypothyroidism, tetany, hypocalcemia
44
Aldosterone origin
Adrenal cortex, zona glomerulosa
45
Aldosterone target cell
Kidneys
46
Aldosterone function
Raise blood sodium and lower blood potassium. Blood volume and blood pressure rise. Water absorption accompanies sodium retention
47
Cortisol origin
Adrenal cortex: zona fasciculata
48
Cortisol target cell
Body cells
49
Cortisol function
Promotes gluconeogenesis and hyperglycemia; mobilize fats for energy metabolism, stimulate protein catabolism, resist stress (glucocorticoids) and depresses inflammatory and immune responses
50
Cortisol homeostatic imbalance
Hypo: Addison's disease
Hyper: cushings disease
51
Androgens origin
Adrenal cortex: zona reticularis
52
Androgens target cell
Ovaries and testes
53
Androgens function
Female: Contributes to libido, develops pubic and axillary hair and source of estrogen after menopause
Men: insignificant
54
Androgen homeostatic imbalance
Hyper: adrenogenital syndrome (masculinization in women)
55
ANP atrial natriuretic peptide origin
Heart
56
Atrial natriuretic peptide target cell
Kidney and adrenal cortex
57
ANP atrial natriuretic peptide function
Kidney: decreases the amount of sodium in the extracellular fluid, reducing blood volume and pressure. Inhibits sodium ion reabsorption and renin release
Adrenal cortex: inhibits secretion of aldosterone
58
Erythropoietin EPO origin
Kidneys
59
Erythropoietin target cell
Red bone marrow
60
Erythropoietin function
Glycoprotein hormone that signals bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells
61
Cholecalciferol origin
Skin (epidermal cells)
62
Cholecalciferol target cells
Intestine
63
Cholecalciferol function
Stimulates active transport of dietary calcium across cell membranes of small intestine. Kidneys convert to calcitriol which helps intestines to absorb calcium
64
Leptin origin
Adipose tissue
65
Leptin target cell
Brain
66
Leptin function
Tells you how much stores energy you have. Binds to CNS neurons, suppresses appetite control, stimulates increased energy
67
Gastrin origin
Stomach
68
Gastrin target cell
Stomach
69
Gastrin function
Paracrine that stimulates glands to release hydrochloric acid (Hcl)
70
Ghrelin origin
Stomach (GI tract mucosa)
71
Ghrelin target cell
Hypothalamus and pituitary
72
Ghrelin function
Stimulates food intake and growth hormone release
73
Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) orgin
Adrenal medulla
74
Catecholamines target cell
Sympathetic nervous system and target organs
75
Catecholamines function
Increase heart rate and metabolic rate, increase blood pressure by promoting vaso constriction
76
Catecholamines homeostatic imbalance
Hyper: prolonged fight or flight response, hypertension
77
Glucagon origin
Pancreas
78
Glucagon target cell
Liver
79
Glucagon function
Break down glycogen to glucose, synthesis of glucose from lactic acid, release of glucose to the blood by liver cells
80
Glucagon homeostatic imbalance
Diabetes mellitus
81
Insulin origin
Pancreas
82
Insulin target
Liver and body cells
83
Insulin function
Lower blood glucose levels, influences fat and protein metabolism
84
Insulin homeostatic imbalance
Diabetes mellitus
85
Estrogen/progesterone origin
Ovaries
86
Estrogen/ progesterone target cells
Hypothalamus and uterus
87
Estrogen/progesterone function
Maturation of reproductive organs and appearance of secondary sex characteristics of females at puberty. Promote breast development and cyclic changes in uterine mucosa
88
Testosterone origin
Gonads/testes
89
Testosterone target cell
Body cells, reproductive organ
90
Testosterone function
Initiates maturation of male reproductive organs, causes secondary sex characteristics and sex drive. Sperm production, maintains sex organs in their functional state
91
Melatonin origin
Pineal gland
92
Melatonin target cell
Hypothalamus
93
Melatonin function
Day/night cycles, show rhythmic variation (body temp, sleep, appetite)
94
Thymopoietin/thymosin origin
Thymus
95
Thymopoietin/thymosin target cell
T lymphocyte
96
Thymopoietin/thymosin function
Trains T lymphocytes what to attack and what not to attack. Involved in T lymphocyte development and immune responses
97
Releasing hormones origin
Hypothalamus
98
Releasing hormone target cell
Anterior pituitary adenohypophysis
99
Releasing hormones function
Stimulate the synthesis and release of hormones
100
Inhibiting hormones origin
Hypothalamus
101
Inhibiting hormones target cell
Adenohypophysis
102
Inhibiting hormones function
Shut off the synthesis and release of hormones
103
Permissiveness
One hormone cannot work without another hormone being present
Ex. Cortisol is required for full glucagon effect
104
Humoral stimuli
Secretion of hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients
Ex. Concentration of calcium ions in blood
105
Neural stimuli
Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
106
Hormonal stimuli
Release hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine organs
107
Endocrine
Ductless glands dump hormonal product directly into capillaries
108
Exocrine
Produce nonhormonal substances (sweat/saliva)routed to a membrane surface via ducts
109
Neuroendocrine
Interaction between the nervous system and the Hormones of endocrine glands
110
Autocrines
Chemicals that exert effects on the same cells other than those that secrete them
111
Paracrines
Locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them
112
Amino acid-based (proteins-based)
| -Action
Second messengers
113
Lipid-based (steroids)
| Action
Direct gene activation
114
Transcription/translation
DNA transcription produce mRNA, that mRNA is translated into proteins, which bring about a cellular effect
Transcription happens inside the nucleus where as translation happens outside the nucleus (a lipid is an internal receptor and a protein would be the external receptor)
115
Target cell activation is based on what three factors?
1. Blood levels of the hormone
2. Relative number of receptors on the target cell
3. The affinity of those receptors for the hormone
116
Up-Regulation
Target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone
117
Down-regulation
Target cells lose receptors in response to the hormone
118
How do hormones circulate in blood?
Free or bound
119
How are hormones removed from blood?
Degrading enzymes, the kidney, liver enzyme systems
120
Chief (principal) cells secrete what?
Parathyroid hormone PTH
121
Osteitis fibrosa cystica
Symptoms: soft deformed bones because it takes out the fiber
122
Hypercalcemia
Leads to depression of nervous system and formation of kidney stones
123
Tetany
Convulsions
124
Hypocalcemia
Not enough calcium in the blood leads to excitability of nervous system and respiratory paralysis
125
Adrenal medulla
Neural tissue that acts as part of the sympathetic nervous system
126
Adrenal cortex
Glandular tissue derived from embryonic mesoderm
127
Adrenal cortex three layers
```
Zona glomerulosa-mineralocorticoids (salt) (chiefly aldosterone)
Zona fasciculata-glucocorticoids
(chiefly cortisol)
Zona reticularis- gonadocorticoids
(chiefly androgens)
```
128
Renin-angiotensin mechanism
Kidney release renin, which is converted into angiotensin II that in turn stimulates Aldosterone (big al) release
129
What hormones are attached to plasma proteins?
Steroids and thyroid hormone
130
What are the endocrine glands?
Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, and thymus
131
What produces both Exocrine and endocrine products?
The pancreas and gonads
132
Autocrine and paracrines are not considered true hormones why?
True hormones send long-distance chemical signals
133
Eicosanoids
Biologically active lipids with local hormone like activity
134
Target cells must-have what?
Specific receptors to which the hormone binds
135
What receptors are found on nearly all cells of the body?
Thyroxine receptors
136
The three cardinal signs of Diabetes mellitus
Polyuria-Huge urine output
Polydipsia- Excessive thirst
Polyphagia- Excessive hunger and food consumption
137
Name three hyperglycemic hormones?
Glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol
138
Iipolysis
A breakdown of lipids
139
Glycosuria
Sugar in the urine
140
Ketoacidosis
Ketones lower blood pH
141
Ketonuria
Ketons in the urine
142
What does Erythropoietin mean?
It makes erythrocytes
143
What is the precursor of vitamin D?
Cholecalciferol
144
Adipose tissue releases what?
Leptin
145
What are acinar cells?
They Produce an enzyme rich juice used for digestion (Exocrine product)
146
The islet of Langerhans contain what two major cell types?
Alpha cells that produce glucagon (red)
| beta cells that produce insulin (blue)
147
A 51-amino-acid protein that is a potent hypoglycemic agent
Insulin
148
Pheochromocytoma
Chromaffin cell tumors
149
How would you describe the relationship between insulin and glucagon?
They are antagonists
150
Glycogenolysis
The breakdown of glycogen to glucose
151
Gluconeogenesis
Synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and non-carbohydrates
152
Cushing's disease
Due to glucocorticoid excess. Symptoms: Moon face and buffalo hump, loss in muscle and bone protein, hyperglycemia
153
What is the more potent stimulator of the heart and metabolic activities?
Epinephrine
154
What is more influential on peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure?
Norepinephrine
155
Addison's disease
Due to glucocorticoid hyposecretion symptoms: hypoglycemia, weight-loss, sodium levels fall potassium levels rise, dehydration hypotension, and darkening of skin
156
Parafollicular cells produce what hormone?
Calcitonin
157
What is colloid?
It fills the lumen of the follicles and is the precursor of thyroid hormone
158
Graves disease
Hyperthyroid syndrome
symptoms: elevated metabolic rate because of more thyroid hormone, rapid heart rate, weight-loss despite adequate food intake and exophthalmus
159
Calcitonin is an antagonist to
Parathyroid hormone
160
Hypothyroid syndrome results in myxedema What are the symptoms?
Goiter because of its intake of iodine and feels chilled because of the caloriegenic affect
161
LH is also referred to as well?
Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)
162
Diabetes insipidus
Symptoms: copious urine, intense thirst, high amounts of blood glucose in Urine, ADH deficiency
163
Aldosterone is antagonist to what hormone?
ANP atrial natriuretic peptide
