Hormones Flashcards
Exocrine Glands
Have tubes or ducts, ex. sweat saliva Through these tubes directly to the surface of the body or into the digestive system
Endocrine Glands
They don’t have ducts.
They release special chemicals called hormones directly to the blood. Help to keep everything balanced and working properly
How do hormones work?
Hormones as messengers carrying important notes from one part of the body to another. Once released by endocrine gland, finds the specific place (target), where it needs to deliver its message. Tells body to do something, grow, develop, prepare
The Gonads- erbezleri
Testes, ovaries
Zygote after copulation: which contains all : information necessary for the typical growtr a complete adult organism
Chromosomes
Each cell of the human body has 23 pairs of chromosomes
Sex chromosomes
Girls: two big XX chromosomes
Boys: XY
The type of sperm carrying X or Y that fertilizes the egg will determine the baby’s sex
Y chromosome encodes for
66 proteins
X chromosome encodes for
615 proteins
Types of hormones
Hormones come in different shapes and sized and can be grouped based on what they’re made from
Vertebrate hormones- Omurgali hayvan hormonlari
Amino acid derivative, peptides, and steroids
Amino Acid Derivative Hormones
Synthesized from amino acids
Very small can pass through the cell membrane
Examples;
Thyroid gland: thyroid hormones thyroxin derived from tyrosine
Adrenal medulla: epinephrine
(Adrenalin) derived from phenylalanine
Receptors: intracellular thyroxin or member bound epinephrine receptors
Peptide and protein hormones
Large molecules, cannot go through the cell membrane
Peptide made from short chains and protein hormones are long chains
Examples:
Pancreas: Insulin, glucagon
Adipose tissue: lepton
Anterior pituitary: prolactin
Posterior pituitary: oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone (aka vasopressin)
Receptors: typically membrane receptors
Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis (Hipofiz bezleri)
Pituitary gland is divided into two main parts
Posterior pituitary (neurohypophy sis)
Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
Posterior pituitary
Releases hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus (oxytocin, vasopressin)
Anterior Pituitary
Anterior Adenohypophysis
The hypothalamus regulates the anterior pituitary
It releases a number of tropic hormones which affect the release of hormones from other
Neurohypophyseal (post hipofizler)
hormones and neurotransmitters
Both produced in the Supraoptic and Paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus
Oxytocin
Induces labor (dogumun baslamasi icin gerekli kasilmalara yol acar)
Facilitates milk secretion
Mediates social behaviours such as mom and baby bond
Vasopressin
Regulates water re-absorption in kidneys
Learning and memory
Social behaviours such as aggression
Vasopressin and oxytocin
Very similar hormone, on the same chromosome, they are transported to pituitary gland
Discovery of Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones
Produced by the hypothalamus
Regulating the secretion of pituitary hormones
Send these releasing hormones through the hypophyseal portal system
Hypothalamus releases
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
TRH triggers the release of
Thyrotropin or thyroid stimulating hormone TSH from the anterior pituitary gland
Thyrotropin then stimulates the releases of
Thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland
Thyroid system
Highly preserved, primary affects, travels back to hypothalamus after the thyroid hormones t3 and t4 released, negative feedback loop and maintaining the balance
Catecholamine hormones
Made by your adrenal glands, located above the kidneys, norepinephrine and epinephrine
Anterior Pituitary Gland or Adenohypophysis
TRH,GRH,CRH
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
Thyrotropin/thyroid stimulating hormone
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
Gonadotropin
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone
Steroid Hormones
Gonads: Testosterone, estradiol, progesterone
Adrenal Cortex: cortisol, corticosterone
Adrenal Cortex: Cortisol, Corticosterone
Cortisol( humans)
Corticosterone(animals)
Steroid Hormones Mechanisms of Action
Transcription factors
Membrane receptors
Transcription factors
Intracellular receptors, delayed but long-lasting effects
Membrane receptors
Rapid and shorter-lasting effects
Actions of Steroid hormones
Genomic, Long-term effects (hours, days)
Rapid, short-term effects ( minutes-hours)
