Hormones Flashcards
Melatonin
Produced in penealocytes (pineal gland)
Biological rhythms
GRH
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
Hypothalamus
Regulates gonadotropins in anterior pituitary (LH, FSH)
CRH
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
Hypothalamus
Regulates Adrenocorticotropic hormone in anterior pituitary
TRH
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
Hypothalamus
Regulates Thyroid Stimulating Hormone in Anterior Pituitary
GHRH
Somatocrinin or Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
Hypothalamus
Regulates Growth Hormone in Anterior Pituitary
GHIH
Somatostatin or Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone
Hypothalamus
Regulates Growth Hormone in Anterior Pituitary
PIH
Dopamine (Da) or Prolactin Inhibitory Hormone
Hypothalamus
Regulates Prolactin in Anterior Pituitary
Hypocretin/Orexin
Inhibits various hormones
Hypothalamus
Sleep and metabolism
Kisspeptin
Puberty
Hypothalamus
Acts on GnRH neurons
OT
Oxytocin
Through Posterior Pituitary (Cell bodies in Hypothalamus)
Contractions, Milk let-down
Also released in brain (social, reproductive, parental behaviors etc)
AVP/ADH
Vasopressin
Through Posterior Pituitary (Cell bodies in Hypothalamus)
Targets kidneys
Water retention
Blood pressure
In the brain, regulates social and other behaviors
LH/FSH
Luteinizing Hormone + Follicle Stimulating Hormone (gonadotropins)
Anterior Pituitary
Respond to GnRH
Stimulate hormone production + gamete development in gonads
TSH
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Anterior Pituitary
Responds to TRH and stimulates thyroid hormones
Prl
Prolactin
Anterior pituitary
Responds to TRH and PIH, promotes lactation
GH
Growth Hormone
Anterior Pituitary
Responds to GHRH and GHIH, stimulates growth
Too much: acromegaly
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Anterior Pituitary
Responds to CRH and stimulate glucocorticoids in adrenal cortex
T3/T4
Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine (Thyroid hormones)
Affect growth, reproduction, and metabolism
Disorders: Goiter, Cretinism, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism
PTH
Parathyroid hormone
Calcium regulation
Glucocorticoids
Adrenal cortex
Responds to ACTH
Stress response
E.g. Cortisol
Mineralocorticoids
Adrenal cortex
Fluid balance and blood pressure
E.g. Aldosterone
Sex hormones
Adrenal cortex
E.g. Testosterone
Disorder: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Adrenal Medulla
Stress
Androgens
Gonads
Stimulated by LH + FSH
E.g. Testosterone (T), androtenedione, dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Sperm production/maturation
Secondary sex characteristics and accessory sex organs
Sexual, aggressive, and other social behaviors
Estrogens
Gonads
Stimulated by LH + FSH before ovulation
E.g. Estradiol (E2), Estrone (E1, menopause), Estriol (E3, pregnancy), Estetrol (E4)
Secondary sex characteristics
Water retention, water/calcium metabolism
Sexual, maternal behavior
Progestins
Gonads
Stimulated by LH + FSH after ovulation
E.g. Progesterone, prenenolone
Maintaining pregnancy
Reproductive and other behavior
Insulin
Beta cells of Pancreas
Lowers blood sugar (promotes liver to store glycogen)
Glucagon
Alpha cells in Pancreas
Raises blood sugar (stimulates glycogen breakdown in liver)
Somatostatin
Delta cells of Pancreas
Regulate insulin and glucagon-producing cells
CCK
Cholecystokinin
Small intestine
Satiety
Ghrelin
Stomach
Stimulates food intake
Leptin
Adipose tissue
Satiety