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Endocrine System > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

A chemical messenger released in one tissue and transported via the bloodstream to alter activities of other cells in a different tissue is called

A

Hormone

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2
Q

Communication between cells using gap junctions. Occurs between two cells of the same type and close together Ex cardiac muscle

A

Direct communication

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3
Q

One cell releases a chemical into extra cellular fluid surrounding another cell. This tells the cell what is going on next door so that they can coordinate their activities at the local level

A

Paracrine communication

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4
Q

Most cells release paracrine factors but specialized ones produce hormones. Every hormone has a target cell. These are cells with very specific receptors needed to bind and read the hormone when it arrives.

A

This makes it so that the right hormone affects the right parts of the body. You don’t want the thyroid hormone binding to the ovaries. The hormones fit into their target cells like a lock and key or puzzle pieces.

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5
Q

Endocrine cells releases chemicals hormones into the bloodstream where messages will travel to other parts of the body and alters metabolic activity of many organs

A

Endocrine communication

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6
Q

Ideal for crisis management. Neurons release neurotransmitters at a synapse. Leads to action potential that propagated along axons. Allows for high speed messages to reach specific locations

A

Synaptic communication

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7
Q

Once hormone reach target cells they change the activity of the target cells by changing the types, amounts, or activity of the enzymes and proteins using transcription or translation or turn an existing enzyme or membrane off or on.

A

A hormone can easily change the structure or chemical properties of the target cell. One hormone can change the metabolism of multiple tissues or organs at the same time.

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8
Q

Hormones can be divided into 3 classes on the basis of their chemical structure

A

Amino acid derivative
Lipid derivative
Peptide hormones

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9
Q

Very small
Made from amino acid tyrosine and tryptophan [ larger of the two].
Tyrosine base ex thyroid hormone
Catecholamines group( epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine).
Tryptophan based ex: melatonin. Serotonin

A

Amino acid derivative

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10
Q

This hormone group has two classes: eicosanoids; derived from arachidonic acid and steroid hormones derived from cholesterol.
Eicosanoids ex: leukotrienes and prostaglandins.
Steroid hormones ex: androgen, estrogen, progesterone, corticosteroids, calcitrol.

A

Lipid derivatives
Hydrophobic
Bound specific transporters

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11
Q

This hormone group is made of chains of amino acids
Made of glycoproteins ( TSH, LH, FSH).
Made of short polypeptides ( ADH, OXT)
Small proteins ( insulin, growth hormone, prolactin)

A

Peptide hormones

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12
Q

The receptors for catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids are in the plasma membrane of their target cells.

A

Catecholamines and peptide hormones are not lipid soluble so they can’t pass through the Lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane they must bind extracellularly.

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13
Q

Eicosanoids are lipid soluble so they pass across the plasma membrane and bind to receptors on the inner surface of the plasma membrane.

A
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14
Q

Communication between the hormone and its target cell uses first and second messengers. The first messenger is the hormone that binds to the membrane on the outside. A second messenger is a helper molecule that appears due to the meeting of the first messenger and receptor.

A

Important second messengers are cyclic AMP (cAMP) which is from ATP, cyclic GTP (cGTP) derivative of GTP, and calcium). The link between the first and second messenger is called G protein.

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15
Q

A G protein is an enzyme complex attached to a membrane receptor. G proteins become active when a hormone binds to its receptor at the membrane surface.

A

When G protein is activated it will activate the enzyme adenylate cyclase which will convert ATP to cAMP. Then cAMP will act as second messenger by activating a kinase which will attach a high energy phosphate group to another molecule by the process known as phosphorylation. This open ion channels in the cells. The cytoplasm contains the enzyme phosphodiesterase ( PDE) which inactivates cAMP by converting it to AMP.

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16
Q

Two regulatory hormones of the anterior pituitary

A

Inhibiting and releasing hormones

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17
Q

Stimulates creation and secretion of hormones at anterior lobe

A

Releasing hormones

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18
Q

Prevents creation and secretions of hormones at the anterior pituitary

A

Inhibiting hormones

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19
Q

Endocrine gland organs

A

Hypothalamus Pineal body
Pituitary Ovaries
Thyroid Testes
Parathyroid
Adrenals

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20
Q

The hormones of the anterior lobe are called tropic meaning turning on . They switch on other endocrine glands or supports the work of other organs.

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone or TSH triggers the thyroid gland itself and causes it to secrete thyroid hormone

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21
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone or ACTH

A

Stimulate the release of steroid hormones by the adrenal gland, causing it to produce glucocorticoids which are hormones that affect glucose metabolism.

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22
Q

Regulates the activity of the gonads ( testes and ovaries). They stimulate the production of reproductive cells and hormones.

A

Gonadotropins

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23
Q

2 gonadotropins

A

FSH follicle stimulating hormone and LH luteinizing hormone

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24
Q

Promotes follicle development in the ovaries and along with LH will stimulate the secretion of estrogen. In males will help with sperm production.

A

FSH follicle stimulating hormone

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25
Q

Causes ovulation, egg release, estrogen release and progesterone which helps to prepare the uterus for pregnancy. In men it assists with the production of androgen like testosterone.

A

LH luteinizing hormone

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26
Q

Stimulate milk production in the mammary glands

A

Prolactin PRL

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27
Q

Stimulates cell growth and division by increasing the rate of protein synthesis. Skeletal muscle cells and chondrocytes are most sensitive.

A

Growth hormone GH

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28
Q

Stimulates the melanocytes of the skin causing them to release more melanin.

A

Melanocyte stimulating hormone MSH

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29
Q

ADH is released when there is a rise in the solute concentration in the blood volume or pressure. ADH acts on the kidneys to retain water and slow down urination. It will also cause vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels which helps to elevate blood pressures.

A

Oxytocin OXT in females it will cause smooth muscle contractions during labor and delivery. It may also cause milk ejaculation from mammary gland.

In men it contractions in the vas deferens or sperm duct and prostate gland which helps in sperm ejection

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30
Q

What glands are both exocrine and endocrine

A

Liver
Pancreas

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31
Q

Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

A

Graves’ disease

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32
Q

Gigantism

A

Hypersecretion of human growth hormone

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33
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids

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34
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Hypo secretion of insulin

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35
Q

Tetany

A

Hypo secretion of parathyroid hormone

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36
Q

Cretinism

A

Hypo secretion of thyroid hormone

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37
Q

Oedema

A

Hypersecretion of anti diuretic hormones

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38
Q

Dwarfism

A

Hyposecretion of human growth hormone

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39
Q

Kidney failure

A

Hypersecretion of mineralocorticoids

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40
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Hypersecretion of insulin

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41
Q

Softened bones

A

Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone

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42
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Hyposecretion of mineralocorticoids

43
Q

Gynaecomastia

A

Hypersecretion of estrogen on men

44
Q

Hirsutism

A

Hypersecretion of testosterone in women

45
Q

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

A

Hyposecretion of estrogen in women

46
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Hypo-secretion of antidiuretic hormone

47
Q

The effect of the adrenal gland on the body is

A

Increase metabolic rate

48
Q

The anterior and posterior lobes are part of which gland

A

Pituitary

49
Q

The adrenal medulla is regulated by the

A

Sympathetic nervous system

50
Q

Islets of Langerhans are found in

A

The pancreas

51
Q

Hypo- secretion of the thyroid gland hormone can lead to what disorder in an adult

A

Myxoedema

52
Q

What hormone increases the heart and breathing rate during times of stress

A

Adrenaline

53
Q

What hormone is responsible for maintaining calcium levels in the body

A

Calcitonin

54
Q

Hyper-secretions of mineralocorticoids causes

A

Kidney failure

55
Q

What hormone controls the thyroid gland

A

Thyrotrophin

56
Q

What hormone is responsible for the growth of the female sexual characteristics

A

Oestrogen

57
Q

What hormone metabolites carbohydrates, proteins and fats

A

Glucocorticoids

58
Q

Hyposecretion of insulin causes

A

Diabetes mellitus

59
Q

What hormone is secreted by the pineal body

A

Melatonin

60
Q

During what phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur

A

Proliferative

61
Q

A condition called tetany occurs when there is

A

Calcium deficiency in the blood

62
Q

Which is not a thyroid function

A

Increase water reabsorption in the kidneys

63
Q

Hypersecretion of testosterone in females can lead to

A

Hirsutism

64
Q

Define amenorrhea

A

The absence of menstruation

65
Q

What hormone is secreted when the body finds itself in an emergency situation

A

Adrenaline

66
Q

Which of the following is not a phase of the menstrual cycle

A

Menarche

67
Q

What is the effects of Graves’ disease

A

Increased heart rate and disturbed sleep patterns

68
Q

What endocrine gland is located below the stomach

A

Pancreas

69
Q

What is the function of HGH

A

To regulate height and growth

70
Q

What hormone is secreted by the pancreas

A

Insulin

71
Q

What hormone stimulates sperm in men

A

FSH follicle stimulating hormone

72
Q

What is the function of melanocyte stimulating hormone

A

To stimulate the basal layer of the skin to produce melanin

73
Q

Antidiuretic hormone is secreted by the

A

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

74
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood sugar

75
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

HGH

76
Q

What endocrine gland is found in the center of the brain

A

Pineal body

77
Q

Parathyroid gland function

A

To regulate calcium levels in the blood

78
Q

Muscular weakness and changes in skin pigmentation are effects of what endocrine disorder

A

Addison’s disease

79
Q

What type of diabetes occurs as a result of pancreas being unable to produce insulin

A

Mellitus

80
Q

What is the function of OXT ( oxytocin)

A

To stimulate the contraction of the uterus during labor

81
Q

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids causes

A

Cushing’s syndrome

82
Q

Where is the pituitary located

A

Base of the brain

83
Q

Endocrine glands are…….glands

A

Ductless

84
Q

Adrenaline increases the……. rate

A

Metabolic

85
Q

All hormones secreted by the endocrine glands pass directly into the

A

Bloodstream

86
Q

Gonadotropic hormones are secreted by the…….lobe of the pituitary gland

A

Anterior

87
Q

The adrenal…… secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline ( fight or flight).

A

Medulla

88
Q

What hormone influence moods, appetite, and gastrointestinal function, controls the body sleep wake cycle,

A

Melatonin

89
Q

A hormone is a …..messenger secreted by an endocrine gland

A

Chemical

90
Q

Antidiuretic hormones increase…….reabsoption in the kidneys thereby increasing blood pressure

A

Water

91
Q

What gland is controlled by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

Thyroid

92
Q

FSH is produced during the …….phase of menstruation

A

Proliferative

93
Q

The testes secrete the hormone

A

Testosterone

94
Q

Anterior lobe of the pituitary aka

A

Adenohypophysis

95
Q

Posterior lobe of the pituitary aka

A

Neurohypophysis

96
Q

In the abdomen, inferior to the stomach. Has scattered clusters of cells called pancreatic islets

A

Pancreas

97
Q

Target tissue

A

Tissue that a particular hormone can bind to and stimulate a specific response

98
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete materials carried by ducts to both internal and external body surfaces

99
Q

Endocrine gland

A

An organ that releases hormones directly into the blood to reach reach tissues and organs all over the body

100
Q

Lithium decreases production and release of thyroxine (T4) from the thyroid gland.

A

7 B’s can be used to remember the main functions of thyroid hormone:
Basal metabolic rate
Blood sugar (increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis)
Break down lipids (increases lipolysis)
Brain maturation
Bone growth (synergism with growth hormone)
β-adrenergic effects in heart, which increases contractility (this is why β-blockers alleviate adrenergic symptoms in thyrotoxicosis)
Stimulates surfactant synthesis in Babies

101
Q

Pancreas:

“PIGS”

Pancreas,

Insulin (β cell).

Glucagon (α cell).

Somatostatin (ẟ cell).

A

Cortex: has 3 layers:

Go Fred Run (GFR)

Glomerulosa:

Fasiculata:

Reticularis:

their hormones are:

Make Good Sweets

Mineralocorticoids, (aldosterone) SALT.

Glucocorticoids, (cortisol) SWEET.

Sex hormone, (androgen) SEX.

102
Q

The major glands of the endocrine system, excluding ovaries and testes.
Thymus
Thyroid
Anterior pituitary
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
Posterior pituitary
Parathyroid gland
Pancreas
Pineal

Mnemonic:
“T.A.P.” (T2, A3, P4)

A

Sperm pathway

Mnemonic:
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferents
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
Penis

SEVEnUP

103
Q

The four classes of chemicals messengers are

A

Autocrine, paracrine, neurotransmitter, and endocrine

104
Q

Three types of hormone stimuli

A

Humoral
Neural
Hormonal

Endocrine System (2 decks)

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