Hormones

Question 1

What are the effects of adrenaline (Fight or Flight)?

Answer 1

• Increase in metabolic rate, more energy is released
• Increase in ventilation rate and depth to increase oxygen intake
• Rate of heart beat and blood pressure increase, oxygen and glucose carried to muscles faster
• Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin, vasodilation of blood vessels in the brain and skeletal muscles so that more blood is sent to brain and muscles, resulting in pallor skin
• Activate enzymes to break glycogen down to glucose for cellular respiration
• Blood clot rate increases
• Hair muscles contract (goose pimples)
• Pupils dilate to allow more light to enter the eyes to enhance vision

Question 2

Describe the effects of insulin

Answer 2

• Increase uptake of glucose into cells
• Stimulates the liver and muscle cells to convert glucose into glycogen for storage (glycogenesis)
• Inhibit the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in skeletal muscles and liver cells.
• Increase the oxidation of glucose during tissue respiration (more glucose used up during respiration)

Question 3

Describe the effects of glucagon

Answer 3

• Stimulate the breakdown/hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose in the liver cells (glycogenolysis)
• Inhibit the synthesis of glycogen from glucose in liver and skeletal muscles cells
• Produce glucose from other sources like amino acids (gluconeogenesis)

Question 4

Describe type-1 Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 4

• Usually detected in childhood
• Autoimmune disease, where more than 90 percent of B-cells of Islets of Langerhans are destroyed by the immune system and are unable to produce insulin
• Control of the disease is via insulin injection, regulating diet and regular exercise to control blood glucose levels

Question 5

Describe type-2 diabetes mellitus

Answer 5

• Caused by body cells becoming or are unresponsive to insulin that is being secreted by the pancreas
• pancreas is thus unable to produce enough insulin to manage blood glucose levels
• there is a lower conversion of glucose into glycogen, causing high glucose levels
• control of disease by controlling diet and regular exercise
• insulin injections may help for those who are not able to produce enough insulin to manage blood glucose levels

Question 6

What are hormones?

Answer 6

Hormones are chemical substances produced in minute quantities by endocrine glands.

Question 7

What are endocrine glands?

Answer 7

Endocrine glands are ductless organs that make and secrete hormones directly into the blood.