Hormone Functions

Question 1

Actions of Insulin

Answer 1

Decreases Blood Glucose:
Increase glucose uptake
Increase glycogen formation 
Decreases glycogenolysis 
Decrease gluconeogeneisis 

Decreases Blood Amino Acids:
Increase protein synthesis

Decreases Blood Fatty Acid and Ketoacid
Increase fat deposition
Decrease lipolysis

Increase K uptake

Question 2

Actions of Glucagon

Answer 2

Promotes mobilization & utilization of metabolic fuels:
Increases glycogenolysis 
Increases fat mobilization 
Increases lipolysis 
Increases gluconeogenesis
Increases ketoacid formation

Question 3

Actions of Somatostatin

Answer 3

Inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon
Inhibits GH
Inhibits TSH

Question 4

Actions of Growth Hormone

Answer 4

Diabetogenic Effect:
Insulin resistance - decreased glucose uptake
Increase lipolysis
Increase in blood insulin (indirectly)

Increases Protein Synthesis and Organ Growth:
Increases uptake of amino acids
Stimulates synthesis of DNA, RNA and Protein
Increases lean body max sand organ size

Increases Linear Growth:
Alters cartilage metabolism

Question 5

Actions of Prolactin

Answer 5

Breast Development - during puberty and pregnancy
Milk Production: Induces synthesis while high levels of progesterone and estrogen down regulate prolactin receptors during pregnancy
Inhibits ovulation –> Inhibits synthesis and release of GnRH
Regulates glucose sensitivity of islet cells
Role in immune function

Question 6

Actions LH & FSH

Answer 6

Stimulates estrogen and progesterone production in ovary
Stimulates testosterone production in testes
Together stimulate follicular maturation, ovulation and spermatogenesis

Question 7

Actions of ADH/Vasopressin

Answer 7

Increase principal cells of DCT and CD to H20
- V2 receptors inserts aquaporin 2 channels
Vasoconstriction via V1 receptor

Question 8

Actions of Oxytocin

Answer 8

Milk Ejection - contraction of myoepithelial cells in ducts

Uterine contraction - induces labor and reduces post partum bleeding

Question 9

Actions of Thyroid Hormone

Answer 9

Bone maturation
CNS maturation
Increase Cardiac output

Increase BMR:
Increase NaKATPase
Increase O2 consumption
Increase heat production

Increase Metabolism:
Increase glucose resorb
Increases gluconeolysis, gluconeogenesis
Increase lipolysis
Increase protein synthesis and degradation (beta catabolic effect)
Decrease muscle mass

Question 10

Actions of Epinephrine

Answer 10

Increase glycogenolysis 
Increase fatty acid mobilization 
Increase HR and BP 
Dilate coronary and SKM vasculature 
Constrict skin and GI vasculature 
Increase alterness 
Increase blood glucose

Question 11

Action of Cortisol

Answer 11

Survival during Fasting:
Increase gluconeogenesis, proteolysis, lipolysis and blood glucose
Decrease glucose utilization, insulin sensitivity

Regulates inflammatory & immune response:
Inhibits phospholipase A2
Inhibits IL-2 production
Inhibits proliferation of T lymphocytes
Inhibits histamine and serotonin release
Lyses eosinophils

Enhances vascular response to catecholamines by up regulating alpha 1 adrenergic receptors
Upregulates PMNT Enzyme promoting Epi conversion
Increases GFR
Decreases REM sleep
Inhibits bone formation - by osteoblasts
Decreases type 1 collagen synthesis
Decreases intestinal Ca resorb

Question 12

Actions of Aldosterone

Answer 12

Increase Na resorb

Increase K/H secretion

Question 13

Actions of Adrenal Androgens

Answer 13

Stimulates growth of axilla and pubic hair and libido in both male and females but in males a lesser role

Question 14

Actions of Calcitonin

Answer 14

Inhibits osteoclastic bone resorb

Question 15

Actions of PTH

Answer 15

Bone Ca resorb via osteoblasts
Kidney Ca resorb
Kidney Phosphate excretion - inhibits Na/P transport in PCT
Conversion of active Vit D in kidney

Question 16

Actions of Vit D

Answer 16

Promotes mineralization of new bone
Increases Ca and Phosphate resorb in intestine (uses calbindin)
Stimulates Ca and P resorb in kidney
Acts on osteoclasts