Hormone Action V

Question 1

what is Addison’s disease?

presentation?

Answer 1

primary adrenal insufficiency: insufficienct adosterone, cortisol production

• hypotensive
• hypoglycemia
• hyperpigmentation of skin (ACTH high, MSH stimulation)

Question 2

what is cushing’s disease?

cushing’s syndrome?

Answer 2

Cushing’s Disease:

• increased secretion of of ACTH by corticotrophes (ant pituitary)
• leads to excess glucocorticoid (corticsol) production

Cushing’s Syndrome:

• signs/symptoms secondary to prolonged increaes in cortisol

Question 3

the kidney produces what hormones?

Answer 3

• renin
• 1,25-(OH)₂D3 (calcitriol)
• erythropoietin

Question 4

the pineal glands produce what hormones?

Answer 4

melatonin (from pinealoytes)

Question 5

renin

• comes from what cells?
• induces production of what hormone?
• how?

Answer 5

• produced by juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney
  
  • converts Angiotensinogen (from liver) –> Ang I
  • ACE (rom liver) converts Ang I –> Ang II
  • Ang II acts on zona glomerulosa (adrenal cortex) nduce production of aldosterone (mineralcorticoid)

Question 6

what are the chemical structures of

ACE?

angiotensin I?

angiotensin II?

Answer 6

• ACE - glycoprotein
• angiotensin I - decapeptide
• angiotensin II - octapeptide

Question 7

angiotensin II has what biological effecs?

Answer 7

1. arteriole vasoconstrictor
2. thru aldosterone production –> Na+ retention

increased BP

Question 8

review Vit D synthesis

Answer 8

• sunlight (skin): 7-dehydrocholesterol to D3 (cholecalciferol)
• 25-hydoxylase (liver): 25-OH-D3
• 1a-hydroxylase (kidney): 1,25(OH)₂-D3

Question 9

erythropoietin

• is what kind of molecule?
• is synthesized where?
• in response to what?
• has what effects?
• is elevated under what circumstances?

Answer 9

• a circulating glycoprotein
• sythesized by
  
  1. peritubular caparillies in the renal cortex (>85%)
  2. liver
• in reponse to: hypoxia / hemorrhage
• increases the production of RBCs
• elevated in amemia

Question 10

melatonin is

• produced by what cells?
• has what effects?

Answer 10

• produced by pinealocytes
• effects:
  
  • manages cirrcadian rhythym: light = less melatonin produced
  • inhibits breast cancer cell growth (inhibits sterogenesis)

Question 11

autocoids

• are what kind of molecules
• have what effects

Answer 11

• are hormone-like chemicals that behave like growth factors
• effects:
  
  • induce mitogenic response –> proliferatoin
  • induce differentiation of hematopoietic cells

Question 12

how do key hormones change throughout aging?

Answer 12

throughout aging, we see a decrease in mostly GH and sex hormones

• GH - leads to decrease in body mass
• DHEA - leads to cancer
• testosterone/estrogen

Question 13

throughout aging women experience declines in predominant what hormones with what effects?

what is the tx its AEs?

Answer 13

• estrogen, progesterone
• hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, sleep distubance, osteoporosis, depression
• tx: HRT. AE = cancer ​

Question 14

throughout aging men experience declines in predominant what hormones with what effects?

what is the tx its AEs?

Answer 14

• androgens- testosterone, DHT
• brittle bone, lack of muscle mass, lack of strength, depression
• Tx
  
  • Testosterone supplement – AE heart attack
  • GH supplement – AE cancer
  • DHEA supplement – no AE