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AAD- Unit 2 Homeostasis, Breakdown and Repair > Hormonal Regulation of Bone > Flashcards

Hormonal Regulation of Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What hormone in the serum is increased with age?

A

PTH- parathyroid hormone

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2
Q

What effect does Testosterone and estrodiol have on skeletal homeostasis?

A

Positive

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3
Q

What 3 hormones regulate calcium levels?

A

PTH
Calcitonin
Vitamin D

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4
Q

What are the normal levels of Ca2+ in a humans plasma?

A

2.5mM

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5
Q

Why is calcium regulation so precise?

A

Its used as a vital second messanger
Its necessary for normal blood coagulation, muscle contraction and nerve function

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6
Q

What does Hypocalcaemia cause?

A

spasms and the excitation of nerves and muscles uncontrolled

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7
Q

Whats the effect of PTH in continious and intermittent administration?

A

C- more pro-resorptive
I- more Pro-formation

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8
Q

How does PTH stimulate osteoclasts to resorb bone?

A

Osteoblasts PTH1R—> RANKL released cells—> binds to RANKR on the osteoclasts precursor—> precursor is then going to do resorption.

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9
Q

What is the fucntion of CaSR (G-coupled receptor)?

A

Thermostat but for Ca2+

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10
Q

What effect does Vitamin D receptor have on Ca2+ uptake in the gut? and What of what is it a purcursor of?

A

Increases uptake
Cholesterol

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11
Q

What is the action of Vitamin D on bone? DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECT?

A

Direct effect: Stimulates bone resorption at high doses interacts with VDR in osteoblasts to induce RANKL expression.
Indirect effect: Bone mineralisation process maintains blood levels of calcium and phosphate for mineralisation to occur

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12
Q

What is calcatonin where is produced? Of what hormone is it an antagonist and what does it inhibit? What is is approved to be used on?

A

Peptide hormone produced in C-cells within the thyroid gland
Secretion stimulated by high blood calcium levels
Antagonist of PTH
Inhibits bone resorption and is approved to use for osteoposrosis

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13
Q

What hormone lowers PO4 3-?

A

FGF23

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14
Q

Mice deficient for FGF23 are hyperphosphatemia and have accelerated ageing why?

A

PO4 3- retention is toxic, remove calcium from bone meaning they become brittle accelerating ageing in the bones.

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15
Q

(DISORDERS DUE TO PARATHYROID GLAND) What is hyper and hypo- parathyroidism?

A

hyper oversecretion of PTH
hypo- under secretion of PTH

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16
Q

(Disorders not due to parathyroid gland)
What is hypo and hyper- calcaemia?

A

Hypo- elevated PTH levels-or Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a type of hyperparathyroidism. SHPT happens when a disease you have causes low blood calcium, which makes your parathyroid glands grow larger and make too much parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Hyper- reduced PTH levels–>calcium increased

17
Q

What is the main cause of osteoporosis?

A

Decrease in serum levels of E2

18
Q

What effect does GH have on bone?
Osteoblasts have growth hormones

A

Increases bone formation (direct interaction with GH receptors on osteoblasts, via induction of endocrine/ autocrine and paracrine IGF-1) and resorption.

19
Q

Thyroid hormones: What is the effect of a deficiency and increased levels of thyroid hormones?

A

Deficiency: Short stature
Too much: Increased osteoclastic bone resorption

20
Q

What effect does cortisol have whenin excess?

A

Affect the bone mineral density, increase bone resorption
Cortisol also blocks calcium from entering your bones

21
Q

What are the Endogenous glucocorticoid effects? (glands etc.)

A

Promote fracture healing- reduce inflammation and increase chondrogenesis

22
Q

What are the exogenous glucocorticoid effects? (drugs/pills)

A

Drives bone loss, reduces osteoblastogenesis, increases osteoclasogenesis
Slows fracture healing- reduces osteoblastogenesis

23
Q

What are some of the ageing changes in hormone productions? (7)

A

Metabolism of the thyroid gland slows
Insulin resistance increases
PTH increases
Calcitonin decreases
Decrease of oestrogen levels
Decrease of GH
Vitamin D deficiency

AAD- Unit 2 Homeostasis, Breakdown and Repair (5 decks)

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