hormonal coordination Flashcards
which organs a target organ for insulin
liver
The endocrine system coordinates many internal functions of the body.
Give three ways coordination by the endocrine system is different from
coordination by the nervous system.
coordination by endocrine system is:
allow converse points if clearly
indicating nervous co-ordination
answers must be comparative
slower
longer-lasting
(chemical / hormone) via blood instead of electrical / impulse /
neurones
Describe how hormones control the menstrual cycle.
FSH (release from pituitary) stimulates maturation of egg / ovum /
follicle
oestrogen (release from ovary) inhibits FSH production and
stimulates LH production
LH (release from pituitary) stimulates ovulation
allow LH stimulates release of egg
progesterone (release from ovary) inhibits FSH and LH production
allow (release from corpus luteum)
oestrogen and progesterone maintain the uterus lining
Blood entering the kidneys goes through the process of
___________________
Glucose is not found in urine because of ___________
Urine is removed from the body in the process of ______________
filtration
reabsorption
excretion
A person makes a lot of urea if the person’s diet contains
a lot of ___________________
protein
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of having a kidney transplant
instead of having dialysis.
- no need for regular / long hospital visits or is a long-term
solution - flexible lifestyle, such as can go on holidays
- may not live near a hospital or reference to transport costs
- no risk of infection from frequent needles / treatment
- less / no need to control diet
- maintains correct concentration of substances in blood / body
- cheaper long term for NHS / hospital
Disadvantages of kidney transplant - may be rejected
- have to keep taking anti-rejection drugs or
immunosuppressants - (suitable) donor may not be available or need for tissue
matching - risk from surgery (e.g. anaesthesia or infection)
- recovery from surgery will take a long time
- does not last forever (therefore further surgery needed)
Why must urea be excreted from the body?
urea is a waste (product)
The process that makes carbon dioxide is
_____________________
During exercise, extra carbon dioxide can be removed from the body by
increasing
the rate of _________________________
respiration
breathing
How does urea move out of the blood during dialysis?
diffusion
Give two reasons why a kidney transplant is a better method for treating
kidney disease than dialysis.
has a low(er) concentration of urea
* constant urea concentration / level
allow substance (if named must be
correct)
* less time attached to machine or fewer hospital visits
* no / less restriction on travel
* not piercing skin repeatedly
* less chance of infection / blood clots
* cheaper in the long term
Which gland releases the hormone that controls water loss from the body?
pituitary
Which hormone helps the kidneys to control water loss from the body?
ADH
Explain how the gland you named in part (a) and the kidneys reduce water
loss.
high(er) concentration of blood causes (more) ADH / hormone
release
allow low(er) water potential of blood
causes (more) ADH / hormone release
(and hormone / ADH causes) increased permeability of kidney
tubules (to water)
(so) increased water reabsorption
Explain two biological reasons why most doctors think that a kidney
transplant is a better method of treatment than dialysis
changes in concentrations / levels of substances / urea are
minimised
(so) less / no chance of causing damage to body cells / tissues
not repeatedly puncturing skin or blood not in contact with machine
(so) less / no chance of infection or less / no
chance of blood clots or no need to take
anti-clotting drugs
Explain how the hormones insulin and glucagon control the person’s blood
glucose concentration after the meal.
(blood glucose increases after meal causing) insulin secretion
insulin causes glucose to enter cells / liver / muscles
(insulin causes) glucose conversion to glycogen
(so) blood glucose decreases causing glucagon secretion
glucagon causes glycogen to be converted to glucose
A person with Type 2 diabetes often has a higher blood insulin
concentration than a non-diabetic person.
Explain why.
cells / liver / muscles absorb less glucose
(so) glucose concentration in blood remains high
(high blood glucose stimulates / causes) pancreas to release more
insulin
What is the purpose of thickening the lining of the uterus?
to allow implantation of the embryo
Which hormone causes thickening of the lining of the uterus?
oestrogen
Contraceptive pill does what
Contains hormones to
stop eggs maturing
what does Diaphragm do
Barrier to prevent
sperm reaching the egg
what does Spermicidal cream do
Kills sperm
why may a condom be the best decision
more reliable than diaphragm / spermicidal cream
low chance of pregnancy
no side effects
This organ then takes in excess glucose from the blood and changes
the glucose into _____________
glycogen
What would happen to the insulin in the tablet if it reached the stomach?
would be digested
Suggest two ways the person could lower the chance of developing Type 2
diabetes
less carbohydrate / sugar / fat in diet
lose weight or maintain a healthy weight
Which metabolic process produces water?
respiration of glucose
Explain why more water was lost through the skin during the race.
more) sweating
Explain why more water was lost by breathing during the race.
more energy needed
(so) more (aerobic) respiration
(so) increased breathing (rate / depth) (to supply oxygen or remove
carbon dioxide / water)
In the menstrual cycle, one egg is released approximately every
____________ days.
28
Which hormone is used in the oral contraceptive pill?
progesterone
Describe how the oral contraceptive pill stops a woman becoming
pregnant.
inhibits FSH production / release
* prevents egg maturation
- prevents ovulation
Development of the female secondary sex characteristics is controlled
by _______________
Sperm production is stimulated by __________
oestrogen
testosterone
Explain why protein is not found in the urine of a healthy person.
(molecules are) (too) large
cannot pass through (filtration) membrane / (holes in) filter
Explain why glucose is not found in the urine of a healthy person.
glucose is reabsorbed
all of it
Explain:
* why urea and sodium ions are found in urine
* why their concentration is higher on a hot day than on a cold day
(molecules / ions) small so pass through filter
more water reabsorbed on a hot day
due to more water lost in sweat
What is a hormone?
- a (chemical) messenger
or
an organic substance - made by the endocrine system
- affects (a) specific / target organ(s) / tissue(s)
- released into the blood
Name the two hormones that control blood glucose concentration
insulin and glucagon
Explain how negative feedback controls the blood glucose concentration
during the first one and a half hours after the meal.
- (0−0.5 h: ) glucose from meal enters blood
or
increase in blood glucose (to 6.5 mmol / dm3
) - glucose detected by pancreas
- pancreas secretes insulin
- (insulin causes) glucose to move (out of blood) into cells / liver
- liver converts glucose to glycogen
- causing a fall in blood glucose (after 0.5h)
- low blood glucose (< 5.0 mmol / dm3
) detected by pancreas - pancreas releases glucagon
- liver converts glycogen to glucose (which enters blood)
- blood glucose rises (after 1 h or to 5.2 mmol / dm3
(at 1.5 h))
Which gland produces oestrogen?
ovary
Explain how blood glucose levels are controlled in the body of someone
who does not have diabetes.
if too high insulin released from pancreas
so glucose is moved into cells
if too low, glucagon is released (from pancreas)
causes glycogen to be converted to glucose and released into the blood
Compare how each type of diabetes is caused.
Suggest how each type of diabetes can be treated.
type 1 not enough / no insulin produced
whereas type 2 cells do not respond to insulin
type 1 is treated with injections of insulin
whereas type 2 is treated with diet and exercise
Suggest why a blood test is more reliable than a urine test.
could be other reasons for glucose in urine
Patients are not allowed to eat food for 8 hours before the glucose
tolerance test.
Suggest why patients are not allowed to eat for 8 hours before the test.
results not affected by glucose from food
Hyperthyroidism is caused by an overactive thyroid gland.
Suggest what would happen in the body of a person with hyperthyroidism.
Too much thyroxine is released into the blood
which raises BMR
causing increase in formation of glycogen
Describe the roles of FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle.
FSH causes eggs to mature and stimulate ovaries to produce oestrogen
LH stimulates the egg to be released
Explain why missing a dose of the mini-pill would reduce the success rate
of the mini-pill.
(missing a dose causes a) dip / drop in progesterone levels
(therefore) FSH is not inhibited anymore
(therefore) LH is not inhibited anymore
(and consequently) an egg is matured and released
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland is ___
follicle stimulating hormone / FSH
A hormone produced by the ovaries is ___
oestrogen
Which two hormones are used in contraceptive pills?
oestrogen
progesterone
How many chromosomes are there in each cell of a human embryo?
46
What effect does insulin have on glucose in the blood?
Insulin causes glucose to move into cells.
Explain why a transplanted organ may be rejected.
immune system
produces antibodies
(which) attack the antigens on the transplanted organ / pancreas
