Hormonal Coordination

Question 1

What is the endocrine system and its function?

Answer 1

Secretes hormones into the bloodstream which are carried to a target organ/organs.

Question 2

What is the pituitary gland and its function?

Answer 2

Master gland which secretes many hormones. Some act on specific glands to stimulate them to produce hormones.

Question 3

What are the key glands?

Answer 3

Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, ovaries and testes.

Question 4

What controls blood glucose concentration?

Answer 4

Pancreas.

Question 5

What happens after a meal is digested?

Answer 5

Pancreas produces insulin to allow glucose to move into cells which lowers the blood glucose concentration. Also, glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles.

Question 6

What happens when glycogen stores are full?

Answer 6

Glucose is convereted into lipids and stored.

Question 7

What is glucagon and its function?

Answer 7

Pancreas produces glucagon when the blood glucose concentration is too low. Glycogen stores in the liver are broken down into glucose.

Question 8

What is Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 8

A genetic disease where the pancreas makes very little (or no) insulin.

Question 9

What is Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 9

Pancreas makes very little insulin, usually caused by obesity and lack of exercise.

Question 10

How can Type 1 diabetes be treated?

Answer 10

Insulin injections before meals.

Question 11

How can Type 1 diabetes be cured?

Answer 11

Pancreas transplant and pancreatic cell transplant.

Question 12

How can Type 2 diabetes be treated?

Answer 12

Balanced diet, losing weight and regular exercise.

Question 13

What is a negative feedback system?

Answer 13

One that works to maintain a steady rate.

Question 14

What controls secondary sexual characteristics?

Answer 14

Rising oestrogen/testosterone levels.

Question 15

Describe the menstrual cycle.

Answer 15

Ovulations ocurs every 28 days. If this egg is not fertilised in 14 days, it is shed with the lining of the uterus.

Question 16

What does FSH (Follice Stimulating Hormone) do?

Answer 16

Causes eggs to mature and stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen.

Question 17

What does LH (Luteinising Hormone) do?

Answer 17

Triggers ovulation.

Question 18

What does oestrogen do?

Answer 18

Causes the lining of the uterus to grow and inhibits the release of FSH and stimulates the release of LH.

Question 19

What does progesterone do?

Answer 19

Maintains the lining of the uterus but inhibits the release of FSH and LH.

Question 20

How do hormone-based contraceptions work?

Answer 20

They contain oestrogen and progesterone which inhibit the production of FSH which stops eggs from maturing, stop the uterus lining from developing and thicken the mucus in the cervix.

Question 21

How do chemical methods work?

Answer 21

Spermicides kill or disable sperm.

Question 22

How do barrier methods work?

Answer 22

Prevent the sperm from reaching the egg, some offer protection again STIs.

Question 23

How do intrauterine devices work?

Answer 23

Inserted into the uterus. Some contain copper and prevent embroys implanting in the line of the uterus. Others contain progesterone to stop the uterus lining developing and thicken mucus in the cervix.

Question 24

What is abstinence?

Answer 24

Not having sex, so you cannot become pregnant.

Question 25

How do surgical methods work?

Answer 25

Sperm ducts are cut and tied or oviducts are cut or tied.

Question 26

How can lack of ovulation be treated?

Answer 26

Artifical FSH can stimulate the maturation of eggs in the ovaries and LH can trigger ovulation.

Question 27

How does IVF (in vitro fertilisation) work?

Answer 27

Mother is given FSH to stimulate the maturation of eggs. Eggs are collected from the ovary of the mother and fertilised with sperm from the father in a lab. Fertilised eggs are kept in special solutions until the become embryos. 1 or 2 embyros are inserted into the uterus of the mother.

Question 28

What are the advantages and disadvantages of IVF?

Answer 28

Expensive, not always successful, health risks, higher chance of a multiple pregnancy and ethical problems may arise.

Question 29

What is a phototropism?

Answer 29

The responses of a plant to light.

Question 30

What is a gravitropism?

Answer 30

The responses of a plant to gravity.

Question 31

Why do shoots need to grow upwards?

Answer 31

So that they can photosynthesise.

Question 32

Why do shoots need to grow downwards?

Answer 32

So that they can take in water and minerals and keep the plant stable.

Question 33

What is auxin?

Answer 33

A plant hormone which distributes itself around a plant to control responses to light and gravity.

Question 34

How will auxin move in response to uneven light exposure?

Answer 34

The auxin will move to the shaded side of the plant. Auxin stimulates growth in the shoot, so the cells where the auxin is will elongate and the plant will bend towards the light.

Question 35

How will auxin move in response to gravity?

Answer 35

Auxin inhibits growth of root cells. It gathers on the lower side. Since auxin inhibits growth, the plant will bend and grow down towards the force of gravity.

Question 36

What are auxins used for?

Answer 36

They are very useful as weedkillers. Broad leaved plants will absorb the most auxin as they have the largest surface area. This causes weeds to grow uncontrollably and die. As well as this, they can be used to grow cuttings with root powder and clone plants.

Question 37

What are gibberellins used for?

Answer 37

Ending seed dormancy, promote flowering throughout the year and increasing the size of fruit.

Question 38

What is ethene used for?

Answer 38

Controlling the ripening of fruit so that fruit is perfectly ripe when it reaches the shelves.

Question 39

What is a hormone?

Answer 39

Chemical messengers released by glands into the blood to have an effect on a target organ or organs.